ٱلنُّور ٦٢
- إِنَّمَا sesungguhnya hanyalah
- ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ orang-orang mu'min
- ٱلَّذِينَ orang-orang yang
- ءَامَنُواْ beriman
- بِٱللَّهِ kepada Allah
- وَرَسُولِهِۦ dan Rasul-Nya
- وَإِذَا dan apabila
- كَانُواْ mereka berada
- مَعَهُۥ bersamanya
- عَلَىٰٓ atas
- أَمۡرٖ suatu perkara/urusan
- جَامِعٖ berkumpul/pertemuan
- لَّمۡ mereka tidak
- يَذۡهَبُواْ pergi/meninggalkan
- حَتَّىٰ sehingga
- يَسۡتَـٔۡذِنُوهُۚ mereka minta izin kepadanya
- إِنَّ sesungguhnya
- ٱلَّذِينَ orang-orang yang
- يَسۡتَـٔۡذِنُونَكَ (mereka) minta izin kepadamu
- أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ mereka itu
- ٱلَّذِينَ orang-orang yang
- يُؤۡمِنُونَ beriman
- بِٱللَّهِ kepada Allah
- وَرَسُولِهِۦۚ dan Rasul-Nya
- فَإِذَا maka apabila
- ٱسۡتَـٔۡذَنُوكَ mereka minta izin kepadamu
- لِبَعۡضِ karena sebagian
- شَأۡنِهِمۡ keperluan mereka
- فَأۡذَن maka izinkanlah
- لِّمَن kepada siapa
- شِئۡتَ kamu kehendaki
- مِنۡهُمۡ diantara mereka
- وَٱسۡتَغۡفِرۡ dan mohonkan ampunan
- لَهُمُ untuk mereka
- ٱللَّهَۚ Allah
- إِنَّ sesungguhnya
- ٱللَّهَ Allah
- غَفُورٞ Maha Pengampun
- رَّحِيمٞ Maha Penyayang
(Yang disebut) orang mukmin hanyalah orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya (Muhammad), dan apabila mereka berada bersama-sama dengannya (Muhammad) dalam suatu urusan bersama, mereka tidak meninggalkan (Rasulullah) sebelum meminta izin kepadanya. Sungguh, orang-orang yang meminta izin kepadamu (Muhammad), mereka itulah orang-orang yang (benar-benar) beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-nya. Maka apabila mereka meminta izin kepadamu karena suatu keperluan, berilah izin kepada siapa yang engkau kehendaki di antara mereka, dan mohonkanlah ampunan untuk mereka kepada Allah. Sungguh, Allah Maha Pengampun, Maha Penyayang.
(Orang-orang Mukmin yang sesungguhnya itu tidak lain hanyalah orang-orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, dan apabila mereka berada bersama-sama dengannya) dengan Rasulullah (dalam sesuatu urusan yang memerlukan pertemuan) seperti khutbah Jumat (mereka tidak meninggalkan) Rasulullah karena hal-hal mendadak yang dialami mereka, dalam hal ini mereka dimaafkan (sebelum meminta izin kepadanya. Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang meminta izin kepadamu, mereka itulah orang-orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, maka apabila mereka meminta izin kepadamu karena sesuatu keperluan mereka) karena mereka mempunyai urusan penting (berilah izin kepada siapa yang kamu kehendaki di antara mereka) untuk pergi (dan mohonkanlah ampunan untuk mereka kepada Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang).
Tafsir Surat An-Nur: 62
Sesungguhnya (yang dinamakan) orang mukmin ialah orang-orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, dan apabila mereka berada bersama-sama Rasulullah dalam sesuatu urusan yang memerlukan pertemuan, mereka tidak meninggalkan (Rasulullah) sebelum meminta izin kepadanya. Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang meminta izin kepadamu (Muhammad), mereka itulah orang-orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan rasul-Nya. Maka apabila mereka meminta izin kepadamu karena sesuatu keperluan, berilah izin kepada siapa yang kamu kehendaki di antara mereka, dan mohonkanlah ampunan untuk mereka kepada Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.
Ini merupakan etika yang diajarkan oleh Allah kepada hamba-hamba-Nya yang beriman. Sebagaimana Allah telah memerintahkan mereka untuk meminta izin bila hendak masuk ke rumah orang lain, juga Allah memerintahkan mereka meminta izin bila hendak pergi meninggalkannya. Terlebih lagi bila mereka sedang berada dalam pertemuan dengan Rasulullah ﷺ, seperti dalam salat Jumat, atau salat hari raya, atau salat berjamaah atau pertemuan membicarakan masalah penting, dan lain sebagainya.
Allah ﷻ memerintahkan kepada mereka agar jangan pergi begitu saja meninggalkan Rasulullah ﷺ dalam keadaan seperti itu, melainkan sesudah terlebih dahulu meminta izin dan mendapat perintah darinya. Sesungguhnya orang yang mengamalkan etika izin pamit ini termasuk orang-orang mukmin yang sempurna imannya.
Kemudian Allah ﷻ memerintahkan kepada Rasul-Nya bahwa apabila ada seseorang dari sahabatnya yang meminta izin untuk pamit karena ada keperluan penting, hendaknya ia memberikan izin kepadanya jika hal ini dipandang perlu olehnya. Karena itulah Allah ﷻ berfirman:
“Berilah izin kepada siapa yang kamu kehendaki di antara mereka, dan mohonkanlah ampunan untuk mereka.” (An-Nur: 62), hingga akhir ayat.
Abu Daud mengatakan, telah menceritakan kepada kami Ahmad ibnu Hambal dan Musaddad. Keduanya mengatakan, telah menceritakan kepada kami Bisyr ibnul Mufaddal, dari Ajian, dari Sa'id Al-Maqbari, dari Abu Hurairah r.a. yang mengatakan bahwa Rasulullah ﷺ pernah bersabda: “Apabila seseorang di antara kalian sampai di majlis(nya), hendaklah memberi salam; dan apabila hendak bangkit meninggalkannya, hendaklah memberi salam (pula), karena salam yang pertama tidaklah lebih utama daripada salam yang terakhir.”
Hal yang sama telah diriwayatkan oleh Imam Turmuzi dan Imam Nasai melalui hadis Muhammad ibnu Ajian dengan sanad yang sama. Imam Turmuzi mengatakan bahwa hadis ini hasan.
Setelah menjelaskan izin dan etika pertemuan, kini Allah meng-uraikan etika perpisahan. Orang mukmin sejati adalah orang yang ber-iman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya, yaitu Nabi Muhammad, dan apabila mereka berada bersama-sama dengan beliau dalam suatu urusan bersama, mereka tidak meninggalkan beliau sebelum meminta izin kepadanya lalu diizinkan olehnya. Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang meminta izin kepadamu, wahai Nabi Muhammad, dalam urusan penting, mereka itulah orang-orang yang benar-benar beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya. Maka apabila mereka meminta izin kepadamu karena suatu keperluan, berilah izin kepada siapa yang engkau kehendaki di antara mereka dan tidak mengapa jika engkau tidak memberi izin sesuai maslahat yang engkau perhitungkan, dan mohonkanlah ampunan untuk mereka kepada Allah atas kepergian mereka. Sungguh, Allah Maha Pengampun kepada orang-orang yang engkau mintakan ampunan untuknya, Maha Penyayang kepada mereka yang engkau mintakan rahmat untuknya. Demikian mulia kedudukan Nabi sehingga para sahabat harus meminta izin apabila hendak meninggalkan majelis beliau. 63. Usai menjelaskan tata cara berpamitan kepada Nabi, Allah lalu menegaskan keharusan memenuhi undangan dari Nabi. Wahai orang-orang beriman, janganlah kamu jadikan panggilan Rasul Muhammad di antara kamu seperti panggilan sebagian kamu kepada sebagian yang lain. Kamu harus memenuhi panggilan beliau, tidak dibenarkan bagi kamu mengabaikannya sebagaimana kamu diperkenankan tidak memenuhi panggilan orang lain. Sungguh, Allah mengetahui orang-orang yang keluar dari majelis Nabi secara sembunyi-sembunyi di antara kamu dengan berlindung kepada kawannya. Maka, hendaklah orang-orang yang menyalahi perintah Rasul-Nya, yakni berpaling dari perintahnya dan meninggalkannya tanpa izin, takut akan mendapat cobaan berat di dunia atau ditimpa azab yang pedih di akhirat.
Pada ayat ini Allah menerangkan bahwa orang yang benar-benar beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya ialah orang-orang yang bila berada bersama Rasulullah untuk membicarakan suatu hal yang penting mengenai urusan kaum muslim, mereka tidak mau meninggalkan pertemuan itu sebelum mendapatkan izin dari Rasulullah. Setelah mendapat izin barulah mereka meninggalkan pertemuan itu dan memberi salam kepada para hadirin yang masih tinggal bersama Rasulullah.
Dari Abu Hurairah dari Rasulullah, beliau bersabda, "Bila salah seorang di antara kamu telah sampai ke suatu majlis, hendaklah ia memberi salam. Bila ia hendak duduk, maka duduklah. Kemudian bila hendak pergi, hendaklah memberi salam. Orang yang dahulu tidak lebih berhak dari yang belakangan. (Riwayat Ahmad, Abu Daud, Ibnu hibban dan al-hakim)
Orang-orang yang sifat tingkah lakunya seperti itu, itulah orang-orang yang benar-benar beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya. Kemudian Allah memerintahkan kepada Rasulullah, bila ada seseorang yang memajukan permohonan untuk meninggalkan suatu pertemuan bersama Rasululah, maka Rasulullah berhak sepenuhnya untuk menerima permohonan itu atau menolaknya sesuai dengan keadaan orang yang meminta izin itu dan untuk keperluan apa dia meninggalkan sidang itu.
Pernah Umar bin al-Khaththab meminta izin kepada Rasulullah kembali ke Medinah untuk menemui keluarganya dalam suatu perjalanan bersama-sama sahabat lainnya menuju Tabuk, maka Rasulullah memberi izin kepada Umar dan berkata kepadanya. Kembalilah! Engkau bukanlah seorang munafik. Rasulullah diperintahkan pula setelah memberi izin kepada orang yang memohonkannya agar ia meminta ampun kepada Allah untuk orang-orang meminta izin itu. Ini adalah satu isyarat bahwa meminta izin itu meskipun dibolehkan meninggalkan pertemuan dengan Rasulullah, namun Rasulullah disuruh meminta ampunan kepada Allah bagi orang itu. Hal ini menunjukkan, bahwa permintaan izin dan meninggalkan pertemuan itu adalah suatu hal yang tidak layak atau tercela. Seakan-akan orang itu lebih mengutamakan kepentingan pribadinya sendiri daripada kepentingan bersama di hadapan Rasulullah. Demikian salah satu di antara adab sopan santun dalam bergaul dengan Rasulullah ﷺ Rasulullah adalah seorang Rasul yang dimuliakan Allah, karena itu tidak layak seorang muslim memperlakukannya seperti kepada pemimpin lainnya yang mungkin saja mempunyai kesalahan dan kekhilafan.
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Disiplin Kepada Rasul
Sejak dari pangkal surat sudah dijelaskan berituk masyarakat yang dikehendaki Islam, baik sejak dari rumahtangga, ataupun sampai berdirinya masyarakat besar, yaitu masyarakat umat. Setiap diri peribadi sudah diisi dengan iman dan persatuan, keyakinan dan pelaksanaan. Dan jalan lurus itu selalu wajib terpimpin. Yang memimpinnya adalah Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. sendiri. Bertindak sendiri di luar kehendak pimpinan, dalam menuju Sabil Allah itu tidaklah mungkin. Umat mesti bersatu padu di bawah satu komando. Komando Rasul.
Dan sebagai pemimpin besar Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. telah memegang kendalinya dengan penuh tanggungjawab. Dia yang melangkah di muka, dia yang memberikan contoh dan teladan.
Di antara ayat 62 diterangkan bahwasanya tanda iman kepada Allah dan Rasul, ialah jika kaum Muslimin bersama Rasulullah sedang berkumpul menghadapi suatu urusan besar ataupun kecil, sekali-kali tidak seorang jua pun dibolehkan meninggalkan majlia sebelum memohon izin kepada beliau. Orang yang memohonkan izin kepada beliau, dan baru pergi setelah beroleh izin, dalam ayat ini ditegaskan, itulah orang yang seberianya beriman, kepada Allah dan Rasul.
Apa sebab? Pekerjaan yang dihartapi bersama itu mengikat segala anggota masyarakat umat di dalamnya. Pada waktu itu kepentingan diri sendiri tidak ada lagi, yang ada hanyalah urusan bersama dan Rasul sebagai pusat pimpinan. Itulah intIsari disiplin ketentaraan (militant) yang diajarkan oleh Islam. Bercalih-calih, berciluh-ciluh, mengelakkan diri tidak ada dalam pekerjaan bersama. Suatu perjuangan kalah atau menangnya, ditentukan oleh kebijaksanaan pimpinan dan kepatuhan yang dipimpin. Diauruh pergi, ditegah berhenti. Kalau ada yang bercalih, bersorak mari mari, tetapi bekerja tidak mau, itulah alamat munafik. Kalau ada yang munafik, pertahanan diancam kebocoran.
Menurut riwayat dari Ibnu Iahaq, ayat ini turun ialah seketika terjadi peperangan Khandaq yang terkenal, seketika kota Madinah hendak diaerang oleh sekutu orang Quraisy dan Persatuan Arab dan mendapat persetujuan pula dari Yahudi Bani Quraizhah. Menurut nasihal dari Salman al-Farisi, hendaklah dibuat parit yang dalam di sekitar kota Madinah sebelah barat, yang akan dimasuki oleh musuh itu. Maka bekerjalah orang siang malam menggali parit itu, bergotong-royong bersama-sama. Rasulullah sendiri pun turut menggali parit tersebut sampai selesai.
Sedang parit digali siang dan malam, beberapa orang yang imannya tidak teguh kepada Allah dan Rasul, pulang saja ke rumahnya seenaknya, dengan tidak meminta izin terlebih dahulu daripada Rasulullah s.a.w. Kelakuan yang demikian sangatlah merusakkan semangat orang yang bekerja dengan sungguh-sungguh. Maka datanglah ayat ini menjadi teguran kepada orang yang Mu'min, bahwasanya keluar saja dari satu pekerjaan umum di luar izin adalah alamat kurang iman. Dan di dalam ayat ini diterangkan pula, “ko/au mereka meminta izin kepadamu karena beberapa keperluan mereka, beri izinlah siapa yang hendak engkau beri izin di antara mereka." Artinya bahwasanya pertimbangan memberi izin atau tidak memberi izin adalah sepenuhnya di tangan Rasulullah sendiri, “dan mohonkanlah ampun kepada Allah untuk mereka." Artinya, meskipun mereka telah diberi izin, namun meninggalkan pekerjaan bersama itu tetaplah tidak terlepas juga daripada tanggungjawab moral yang tidak enteng. Mereka hanya diberi ampun karena ada kepentingan yang amat mendesak.
tidaklah serupa dengan menyerukan nama di antara kita sama kita. Sedangkan Tuhan Allah sendiri belum pernah menyebut namanya “Ya Muhammad", hanya dengan memanggil pangkat tugasnya: “Ya Nabiyu". Wahai Nabi."Ya Ayyuhar Rasuiu". Wahai Utusan Tuhan. Atau kata sindiran “Wahai yang berselimut" (Ya Ayuhhal Muzammil). Atau “Ya Ayyuhal Muddatsir" (Wahai orang yang berselubung).
Cara Tuhan memperlakukan NabiNya dengan menghormatinya secara demikian, adalah suri teladan bagi kita sebagai umatnya. Dan kalau hendak -meninggalkan majlianya sebelum selesai pekerjaan, memohon izinlah dengan terus-terang, jangan mengeiuyur saja keluar seorang demi seorang dengan diam-diam, sehingga di akhir pekerjaan dilihat kawan sudah hilang satu hilang dua saja, tak diketahui ke mana perginya.
Maka diperingatkanlah bahwasanya sikap-sikap yang demikian, baik bersikap kurang hormat kepada nama beliau seketika memanggilnya, ataupun meninggalkan majlianya dengan tidak memohonkan izinnya terlebih dahulu adalah perbuatan yang sangat salah, yang tidak layak dilakukan oleh qrang yang beriman. Perbuatan demikian adalah kelakuan orang yang masih kurang matang imannya, bahkan sebagai tanda alamat dari orang yang munafik. Orang yang demikian haruslah ingat bahwa perbuatannya yang salah akan berbahaya juga akhir kelaknya, akan ada-ada saja bahaya dan fitnah yang akan menimpa dirinya atau merusakkan masyarakat bersama, karena ada yang tidak setia. Bahkan terancam oleh azhab siksa Ilahi yang lebih besar.
Eating from One's Relatives' Houses
Allah says:
لَيْسَ عَلَى الاَْعْمَى حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الاَْعْرَجِ حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الْمَرِيضِ حَرَجٌ
There is no restriction on the blind, nor any restriction on the lame, nor any restriction on the sick,
What is referred to here is the fact that they used to feel too embarrassed to eat with the blind, because they could not see the food or where the best morsels were, so others might take the best pieces before they could.
They felt too embarrassed to eat with the lame because they could not sit comfortably, and their companions might take advantage of them, and they felt embarrassed to eat with the sick because they might not eat as much as others. So they were afraid to eat with them lest they were unfair to them in some way.
Then Allah revealed this Ayah, granting them a dispensation in this matter.
This was the view of Sa`id bin Jubayr and Miqsam.
Ad-Dahhak said:
Before the Prophet's Mission, they used to feel too embarrassed and too proud to eat with these people, lest they might have to help them. So Allah revealed this Ayah.
Abdur-Razzaq recorded that Mujahid said:
A man would take a blind, lame or sick person to the house of his brother or sister or aunt, and those disabled people would feel ashamed of that and say, `they are taking us to other people's houses.' So this Ayah was revealed granting permission for that.
As-Suddi said:
A man would enter the house of his father or brother or son, and the lady of the house would bring him some food, but he would refrain from eating because the master of the house was not there, so Allah revealed:
لَيْسَ عَلَى الاَْعْمَى حَرَجٌ
(There is no restriction on the blind...).
وَلَا عَلَى أَنفُسِكُمْ أَن تَأْكُلُوا مِن بُيُوتِكُمْ
nor on yourselves, if you eat from your houses,
This is stated here although it is obvious, so that from this starting point the houses of others may be mentioned, and to make it clear that the ruling applies equally to what comes after.
Sons' houses are included in this even though they are not mentioned by name, and this is used as evidence by those who regard the son's wealth as being like the father's wealth.
In the Musnad and the Sunan, it is reported through several routes that the Messenger of Allah said:
أَنْتَ وَمَالُكَ لاَِبِيكَ
You and your wealth belong to your father.
أَوْ بُيُوتِ ابَايِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أُمَّهَاتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ إِخْوَانِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أَخَوَاتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أَعْمَامِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ عَمَّاتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أَخْوَالِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ خَالَاتِكُمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكْتُم مَّفَاتِحَهُ
or the houses of your fathers, or the houses of your mothers, or the houses of your brothers, or the houses of your sisters, or the houses of your father's brothers, or the houses of your father's sisters, or the houses of your mother's brothers, or the houses of your mother's sisters, or (from that) whereof you hold keys,
This is obvious, and this is used as evidence by those who think that it is obligatory for relatives to spend on one another.
أَوْ مَا مَلَكْتُم مَّفَاتِحَهُ
or (from that) whereof you hold keys,
Sa`id bin Jubayr and As-Suddi said,
This refers to a people's servants, whether a slave or otherwise. There is nothing wrong with them eating from the food that is stored with them, within reason.
Az-Zuhri narrated from Urwah that A'isha, may Allah be pleased with her, said,
The Muslims used to go out on military campaigns with the Messenger of Allah and they would give their keys to people they trusted and say, `We permit you to eat whatever you need.'
But they would say, `It is not permissible for us to eat, they have given us permission reluctantly and we are only trustees.'
Then Allah revealed:
أَوْ مَا مَلَكْتُم مَّفَاتِحَهُ
(or (from that) whereof you hold keys).
أَوْ صَدِيقِكُمْ
or (from the house) of a friend.
means, there is no sin on you if you eat from their houses, so long as you know that this does not upset them and they do not dislike it.
لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَأْكُلُوا جَمِيعًا أَوْ أَشْتَاتًا
No sin on you whether you eat together or apart.
Ali bin Abi Talhah reported from Ibn Abbas concerning this Ayah,
When Allah revealed the Ayah:
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَا تَأْكُلُواْ أَمْوَلَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَـطِلِ
O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly, (4:29)
the Muslims said, `Allah has forbidden us to eat up our property among ourselves unjustly, and food is the best of property, so it is not permissible for anyone among us to eat at the house of anyone else.' So the people stopped doing that.
Then Allah revealed:
لَيْسَ عَلَى الاَْعْمَى حَرَجٌ
(There is no restriction on the blind,) until His statement;
أَوْ صَدِيقِكُمْ
(or (from the house) of a friend).
A man would also feel embarrassed and would refrain from eating alone until someone else came along, but Allah made the matter easier for them and said:
لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَأْكُلُوا جَمِيعًا أَوْ أَشْتَاتًا
(No sin on you whether you eat together or apart).
Qatadah said,
This was a clan of Banu Kinanah who during the Jahiliyyah thought that it was a source of shame for one of them to eat alone, to such an extent that a man might keep on driving his laden camel even though he was hungry, until he could find someone to eat and drink with him. Then Allah revealed:
لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَأْكُلُوا جَمِيعًا أَوْ أَشْتَاتًا
(No sin on you whether you eat together or apart).
So this was a dispensation from Allah, allowing people to eat either alone or with others, even though eating with others is more blessed and is better.
Imam Ahmad recorded from Wahshi bin Harb from his father from his grandfather that a man said to the Prophet,
We eat but we do not feel satisfied.
He said:
لَعَلَّكُمْ تَأْكُلُونَ مُتَفَرِّقِينَ اجْتَمِعُوا عَلَى طَعَامِكُمْ وَاذْكُرُوا اسْمَ اللهِ يُبَارَكْ لَكُمْ فِيهِ
Perhaps you are eating separately. Eat together and mention the Name of Allah, and He will bless the food for you.
It was also recorded by Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah.
Ibn Majah also recorded that Salim reported from his father from Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Messenger of Allah said:
كُلُوا جَمِيعًا وَلَا تَفَرَّقُوا فَإِنَّ الْبَرَكَةَ مَعَ الْجَمَاعَةِ
Eat together and not separately, for the blessing is in being together.
فَإِذَا دَخَلْتُم بُيُوتًا فَسَلِّمُوا عَلَى أَنفُسِكُمْ
But when you enter the houses, greet one another,
تَحِيَّةً مِّنْ عِندِ اللَّهِ مُبَارَكَةً طَيِّبَةً
with a greeting from Allah, blessed and good.
Sa`id bin Jubayr, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Qatadah and Az-Zuhri said,
This means greet one another with Salam.
Ibn Jurayj narrated that Abu Az-Zubayr said,
I heard Jabir bin Abdullah say,
`When you enter upon your family, greet them with a greeting from Allah, blessed and good.'
He said, `I do not think it is anything but obligatory.'
Ibn Jurayj said:
And Ziyad said that Ibn Tawus used to say:
`When any one of you enters his house, let him say Salam.'
Mujahid said:
And when you enter the Masjid, say:`Peace be upon the Messenger of Allah';
when you enter upon your families, greet them with Salam; and
when you enter a house in which there is nobody, say:`As-Salamu `Alayna wa Ala Ibad-Allah-is-Salihin (peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah).'
This is what one is commanded to do, and it has been narrated to us that the angels will return his greeting.
كَذَلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمُ الاْيَاتِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُون
Thus Allah makes clear the Ayat to you that you may understand.
When Allah mentioned what wise rulings and reasonable, well-constructed laws are contained in this Surah, He points out to His servants that He explains the Ayat to them clearly so that they may ponder them and understand their meanings
Asking Permission to leave when They are doing something together
Allah says:
إِنَّمَا الْمُوْمِنُونَ الَّذِينَ امَنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَإِذَا كَانُوا مَعَهُ عَلَى أَمْرٍ جَامِعٍ لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا حَتَّى يَسْتَأْذِنُوهُ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَأْذِنُونَكَ أُوْلَيِكَ الَّذِينَ يُوْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ فَإِذَا اسْتَأْذَنُوكَ لِبَعْضِ شَأْنِهِمْ فَأْذَن لِّمَن شِيْتَ مِنْهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمُ اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
The believers are only those who believe in Allah and His Messenger; and when they are with him on some common matter, they go not away until they have asked his permission. Verily, those who ask your permission, those are they who (really) believe in Allah and His Messenger. So if they ask your permission for some affairs of theirs, give permission to whom you will of them, and ask Allah for their forgiveness. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
This is another matter of etiquette to which Allah has guided His believing servants. Just as He commanded them to seek permission when entering, He also commanded them to seek permission when leaving, especially when they are doing something together with the Messenger, such as the Friday, `Id, or congregational prayers, or a meeting for the purpose of consultation and so on.
Allah commanded them not to leave him in these situations until they had asked his permission. If they did this, then they were of the true believers. Then Allah commanded His Messenger to give permission when someone asked for it, if he wanted to.
He said:
شَأْنِهِمْ فَأْذَن لِّمَن شِيْتَ مِنْهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمُ اللَّهَ
give permission to whom you will of them, and ask Allah for their forgiveness.
Abu Dawud reported that Abu Hurayrah said,
The Messenger of Allah said:
إِذَا انْتَهَى أَحَدُكُمْ إِلَى الْمَجْلِسِ فَلْيُسَلِّمْ فَإِذَا أَرَادَ أَنْ يَقُومَ فَلْيُسَلِّمْ فَلَيْسَتِ الاُْولَى بِأَحَقَّ مِنَ الاْخِرَةِ
When any of you joins a gathering, let him say Salam, and when he wants to leave, let him say Salam. The former is not more important than the latter.
This was also recorded by At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i;
At-Tirmidhi said:It is a Hasan Hadith.
The Etiquette of addressing the Prophet
Allah says:
لَاا تَجْعَلُوا دُعَاء الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعَاء بَعْضِكُم بَعْضًا
Make not the calling of the Messenger among you as your calling one of another.
Ad-Dahhak said, reporting from Ibn Abbas:
They used to say, `O Muhammad,' or `O Abu Al-Qasim,' but Allah forbade them to do that, as a sign of respect towards His Prophet, and told them to say, `O Prophet of Allah,' `O Messenger of Allah.'
This was also the view of Mujahid and Sa`id bin Jubayr.
Qatadah said:
Allah commanded that His Prophet should be treated with respect and honor, and that he should be a leader.
Muqatil said concerning the Ayah:
لَاا تَجْعَلُوا دُعَاء الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعَاء بَعْضِكُم بَعْضًا
(Make not the calling of the Messenger among you as your calling one of another).
When you address him, do not say, `O Muhammad,' or `O son of `Abdullah'; rather honor him and say, `O Prophet of Allah,' or, `O Messenger of Allah.'
لَاا تَجْعَلُوا دُعَاء الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعَاء بَعْضِكُم بَعْضًا
Make not the calling of the Messenger among you as your calling one of another.
A second view concerning the meaning of the Ayah is that it means
`do not think that if he prays against you it is like when anyone else prays against you, because his prayers will be answered; so beware lest he prays against you and you will be doomed.'
Ibn Abi Hatim recorded this from Ibn Abbas, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and Atiyyah Al-`Awfi.
And Allah knows best.
قَدْ يَعْلَمُ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ يَتَسَلَّلُونَ مِنكُمْ لِوَاذًا
Allah knows those of you who slip away under shelter.
Muqatil bin Hayyan said,
This refers to the hypocrites who used to find it too difficult to listen to the Khutbah on Fridays, so they would hide behind some of the Companions of Muhammad and sneak out of the Masjid.
It was not proper for a man to leave on Fridays once the Khutbah began, unless he had permission from the Prophet. If one of them wanted to leave, he would make a gesture to the Prophet with his finger, and the Prophet would give permission without the man speaking. This is because if the Prophet was giving the Khutbah and a man spoke, it would invalidate his Friday prayer. As-Suddi said, If they were with him for a congregational prayer, they would hide behind one another so that he could not see them.
The Prohibition of going against the Messenger's Commandment
Then Allah says:
فَلْيَحْذَرِ الَّذِينَ يُخَالِفُونَ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ
And let those beware who oppose the Messenger's commandment,
This means going against the commandment of the Prophet, which is his way, methodology and Sunnah. All words and deeds will be measured against his words and deeds; those that are in accordance with his words and deeds will be accepted, and whatever does not match up will be rejected, no matter who the person is who said and did them.
It was recorded in the Two Sahihs and elsewhere that the Messenger of Allah said:
مَنْ عَمِلَ عَمَلً لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُنَا فَهُوَ رَدٌّ
Whoever does a deed that is not in accordance with this matter of ours will have it rejected.
meaning, let those beware who go against the Shariah of the Messenger, in secret and in the open,
أَن تُصِيبَهُمْ فِتْنَةٌ
lest some Fitnah should befall them,
i.e., lest some disbelief or hypocrisy or innovation enter their hearts.
أَوْ يُصِيبَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
or a painful torment be inflicted on them.
means in this world afflicting them with capital punishment, or by law of prescribed punishment, or by confinement in prison, or so on.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Hurayrah said,
The Messenger of Allah said:
مَثَلِي وَمَثَلُكُمْ كَمَثَلِ رَجُلٍ اسْتَوْقَدَ نَارًا فَلَمَّا أَضَاءَتْ مَا حَوْلَهَا جَعَلَ الْفَرَاشُ وَهَذِهِ الدَّوَابُّ اللَّيِي يَقَعْنَ فِي النَّارِ يَقَعْنَ فِيهَا وَجَعَلَ يَحْجُزُهُنَّ وَيَغْلِبْنَهُ فَيَقْتَحِمْنَ فِيهَا قَالَ فَذَلِكَ مَثَلِي وَمَثَلُكُمْ أَنَا اخِذٌ بِحُجَزِكُمْ عَنِ النَّارِ هَلُمَّ عَنِ النَّارِ فَتَغْلِبُونِي وَتَقْتَحِمُونَ فِيهَا
The parable of me and you is as the example of a man who kindled a fire and when it illuminated all around him, moths and other creatures started falling into the fire, and he was trying to stop them but they overwhelmed him and still kept falling in. This is the parable of me and you. I am trying to restrain you and keep you away from the fire, but you overwhelm me and fall in.
This was also narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim
Allah knows your Condition
Allah says:
أَلَا إِنَّ لِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالاَْرْضِ
Certainly, to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth.
Allah tells us that He is the Sovereign of the heavens and the earth, and He knows the seen and the unseen. He knows what His servants do in secret and in the open.
So He says:
قَدْ يَعْلَمُ مَا أَنتُمْ عَلَيْهِ
Indeed, He knows your condition,
He knows and it is visible to Him, and not one iota is hidden from him.
This is like the Ayah:
وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى الْعَزِيزِ الرَّحِيمِ
الَّذِي يَرَاكَ حِينَ تَقُومُ
وَتَقَلُّبَكَ فِي السَّاجِدِينَ
إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ
And put your trust in the All-Mighty, the Most Merciful, Who sees you when you stand up. And your movements among those who fall prostrate. Verily, He, only He, is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower. (26:217-220)
وَمَا تَكُونُ فِى شَأْنٍ وَمَا تَتْلُواْ مِنْهُ مِن قُرْءَانٍ وَلَا تَعْمَلُونَ مِنْ عَمَلٍ إِلاَّ كُنَّا عَلَيْكُمْ شُهُودًا إِذْ تُفِيضُونَ فِيهِ وَمَا يَعْزُبُ عَن رَّبِّكَ مِن مِّثْقَالِ ذَرَّةٍ فِي الاٌّرْضِ وَلَا فِى السَّمَأءِ وَلَا أَصْغَرَ مِن ذَلِكَ وَلا أَكْبَرَ إِلاَّ فِى كِتَابٍ مُّبِينٍ
Neither you do any deed nor recite any portion of the Qur'an, nor you do any deed but We are Witness thereof when you are doing it. And nothing is hidden from your Lord; (even) the weight of a speck of dust on the earth or in the heaven. Not what is less than that or what is greater than that but is in a Clear Record. (10:61)
أَفَمَنْ هُوَ قَأيِمٌ عَلَى كُلِّ نَفْسٍ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ
Is then He Who takes charge of every person and knows all that he has earned. (13:33)
He sees all that His servants do, good and evil alike.
And Allah says:
أَلا حِينَ يَسْتَغْشُونَ ثِيَابَهُمْ يَعْلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعْلِنُونَ
Surely, even when they cover themselves with their garments, He knows what they conceal and what they reveal. (11:5)
سَوَاءٌ مِّنْكُمْ مَّنْ أَسَرَّ الْقَوْلَ وَمَنْ جَهَرَ بِهِ
It is the same (to Him) whether any of you conceals his speech or declares it openly). (13:10)
وَمَا مِن دَابَّةٍ فِي الاٌّرْضِ إِلاَّ عَلَى اللَّهِ رِزْقُهَا وَيَعْلَمُ مُسْتَقَرَّهَا وَمُسْتَوْدَعَهَا كُلٌّ فِى كِتَابٍ مُّبِينٍ
And no moving creature is there on earth but its provision is due from Allah. And He knows its dwelling place and its deposit. All is in a Clear Book. (11:6)
وَعِندَهُ مَفَاتِحُ الْغَيْبِ لَا يَعْلَمُهَأ إِلاَّ هُوَ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا فِى الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَمَا تَسْقُطُ مِن وَرَقَةٍ إِلاَّ يَعْلَمُهَا وَلَا حَبَّةٍ فِى ظُلُمَـتِ الاٌّرْضِ وَلَا رَطْبٍ وَلَا يَابِسٍ إِلاَّ فِى كِتَـبٍ مُّبِينٍ
And with Him are the keys of the Unseen, none knows them but He. And He knows whatever there is in the land and in the sea; not a leaf falls, but He knows it. There is not a grain in the darkness of the earth nor anything fresh or dry, but is written in a Clear Record. (6:59)
And there are many Ayat and Hadiths which say similar things.
وَيَوْمَ يُرْجَعُونَ إِلَيْهِ
the Day when they will be brought back to Him,
means, the day when all creatures will be brought back to Allah, which is the Day of Resurrection.
فَيُنَبِّيُهُم بِمَا عَمِلُوا
then He will inform them of what they did.
means, He will tell them everything they did in this life, major and minor, significant and insignificant.
As Allah says:
يُنَبَّأُ الاِنسَـنُ يَوْمَيِذِ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ
On that Day man will be informed of what he sent forward (of deeds), and what he left behind. (75:13)
وَوُضِعَ الْكِتَـبُ فَتَرَى الْمُجْرِمِينَ مُشْفِقِينَ مِمَّا فِيهِ وَيَقُولُونَ يوَيْلَتَنَا مَا لِهَـذَا الْكِتَـبِ لَا يُغَادِرُ صَغِيرَةً وَلَا كَبِيرَةً إِلاَّ أَحْصَاهَا وَوَجَدُواْ مَا عَمِلُواْ حَاضِرًا وَلَا يَظْلِمُ رَبُّكَ أَحَدًا
And the Book will be placed, and you will see the criminals, fearful of that which is therein. They will say:Woe to us! What sort of Book is this that leaves neither a small thing nor a big thing, but has recorded it with numbers!
And they will find all that they did, placed before them, and your Lord treats no one with injustice. (18:49)
Allah says here:
وَيَوْمَ يُرْجَعُونَ إِلَيْهِ فَيُنَبِّيُهُم بِمَا عَمِلُوا
وَاللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ
the Day when they will be brought back to Him, then He will inform them of what they did. And Allah is All-Knower of everything.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of all that exists, and we ask Him to help us achieve perfection.
The end of the Tafsir of Surah Al-Nur. All praise and thanks are due to Allah.
Only they are believers who believe in God and His Messenger and who, when they are with him, namely, the Messenger, in a collective affair, such as [during] the Friday sermon, do not leave, when they have an excuse, until they have asked leave of him. Truly those who ask leave of you - it is they who believe in God and His Messenger. So when they ask leave of you for some affair, [some] matter, of theirs, give permission to whom you will of them, to leave, and ask God to forgive them. Truly God is Forgiving, Merciful.
Commentary
Some etiquettes and injunctions in regard to meetings with the Holy Prophet ﷺ ' in particular, and in the society in general
The above verses contain two injunctions. The first injunction is that when the Holy Prophet ﷺ call people for the meeting in connection with jihad or any other religious matter, the demand of the faith is that all should attend and must not leave the meeting without his permission. If there is an emergency, permission may be sought from the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، who was advised that unless there is special need and requirement, permission may be granted on such requests. In the same connection those hypocrites are condemned who would come to attend the meeting only to fulfill the obligation of faith, but would quietly sneak out under the cover of some other person.
This verse was revealed at the time of the battle of Ahzab, when the Arab disbelievers and other groups joined together and suddenly attacked Madinah. After consultations with the companions, the Holy Prophet ﷺ consented to dig up a trench to defend against the attack. For this reason this battle is also known as 'the battle of trench (Khandaq) '. This battle was fought in Shawwal 5th Hijra. (Qurtubi)
Baihaqi and Ibn Ishaq have reported that the Holy Prophet ﷺ himself had taken part in the digging of the trench. But the hypocrites used to come late in the first place, and after doing a little bit of work just to show their presence, would sneak away quietly. As against this all the believers were putting in their best, and in case of any need or emergency would take permission from the Holy Prophet ﷺ before leaving the work. At that point this verse was revealed. (Mazhari)
A question and its answer
It appears from this verse that it is forbidden to get up and leave from the presence of the Holy Prophet ﷺ without seeking his permission. But there are several incidents when companions used to leave his meeting when they wished and would not deem it necessary to take his permission. The answer to this point is that the injunction mentioned in the present verse is not an injunction for ordinary meetings, but it is meant for specific gatherings, which the Holy Prophet ﷺ might have called for some need, as was the case at the time of battle of the trench.
The phrase ) عَلَىٰ أَمْرٍ جَامِعٍ (for a collective matter - 62) is itself pointing toward this exclusivity.
What does أَمْرٍ جَامِعٍ (collective matter) mean?
There are different views on this point. The most evident explanation is that this phrase is used for such acts for which the Holy Prophet ﷺ felt necessary to collect the people, as he regarded it important to collect the people for digging the trench on the occasion of battle of Ahzab. (Qurtubi - Mazhari)
Is this injunction exclusive to meetings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ or is general?
Since this injunction is issued for a religious and Islamic need, all the jurists agree that it is not exclusive to meetings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . The same injunction would apply to any Imam or ruler of the Muslims who is in control of the government, if he called up a meeting. It is obligatory to attend the meetings called up by the rulers and it is not lawful to leave it without permission. (Qurtubi - Mazhari – Bayan ul-Al-Qur'an)
This is but obvious that this injunction has greater stress and emphasis for meetings called up by the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، and its opposition is open callousness. As for the common meetings and gatherings (not convened by a ruler), acting upon this injunction is surely preferable and commendable from the point of view of Islamic social etiquette. When Muslims are gathered in a meeting for deliberation or action on a collective issue, one should Ie:av ( the meeting only after taking permission from the presiding person.
The second injunction
The second injunction is given in the last verse: