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Ayah
Word by Word
فَلَآ
But nay!
أُقۡسِمُ
I swear
بِرَبِّ
by (the) Lord
ٱلۡمَشَٰرِقِ
(of) the rising
وَٱلۡمَغَٰرِبِ
and the settings
إِنَّا
that We
لَقَٰدِرُونَ
(are) surely Able
فَلَآ
But nay!
أُقۡسِمُ
I swear
بِرَبِّ
by (the) Lord
ٱلۡمَشَٰرِقِ
(of) the rising
وَٱلۡمَغَٰرِبِ
and the settings
إِنَّا
that We
لَقَٰدِرُونَ
(are) surely Able
Translation
Now I do call to witness the Lord of all points in the East and the West that We can certainly-
Tafsir
For verily (fa-laa: laa is extra) I swear by the Lord of the rising-places and the setting-places, of the sun, the moon and all the stars, that We are able
The Rebuke of the Disbelievers and the Threat against Them
Allah rebukes the disbelievers who, in the time of the Prophet, ﷺ him and the guidance Allah sent him with. They witnessed the magnificent miracles Allah aided him with. Then, after all of this they fled from him and separated themselves from him. They fled right and left, group by group and party by party. This is as Allah says,
فَمَا لَهُمۡ عَنِ التَّذۡكِرَةِ مُعۡرِضِينَ
كَأَنَّهُمۡ حُمُرٌ مُّسۡتَنفِرَةٌ
فَرَّتۡ مِن قَسۡوَرَةٍ
Then what is wrong with them that they run away from admonition As if they were (frightened) wild donkeys. Fleeing from a beast of prey. (74:49-51)
This is the example of disbeliever.
And this Ayah is similar. As Allah says,
فَمَالِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا قِبَلَكَ مُهۡطِعِينَ
So what is the matter with those disbelievers, before you Muhti`in?
meaning, `what is wrong with these disbelievers who are with you, O Muhammad. Why are they Muhti`in,
meaning hastily running away from you'
This is as Al-Hasan Al-Basri said, Muhti`in means departing.
عَنِ الۡيَمِينِ وَعَنِ الشِّمَالِ عِزِينَ
On the right and on the left, `Izin.
The singular of `Izin is `Izah, which means separating.
meaning in their separating and their differing.
Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas about the Ayah;
فَمَالِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا قِبَلَكَ مُهۡطِعِينَ
(So what is the matter with those disbelievers, before you Muhti`in).
They are looking in your direction.
Then the Ayah;
عَنِ الۡيَمِينِ وَعَنِ الشِّمَالِ عِزِينَ
(On the right and on the left, `Izin). he (Ibn `Abbas) said,
Al-`Izin is a group among the people.
On the right and on the left means they are turning away (right and left) from him (the Prophet) and mocking him.
Jabir bin Samurah narrated that the Messenger of Allah came out to them while they were sitting in circles. So the Messenger of Allah said,
مَا لِي أَرَاكُمۡ عِزِينَ
Why do I see you all `Izin (in groups).
Ahmad, Muslim, Abu Dawud, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Jarir all recorded this Hadith.
Then, concerning Allah's statement,
أَيَطۡمَعُ كُلُّ امۡرِيٍ مِّنۡهُمۡ أَن يُدۡخَلَ جَنَّةَ نَعِيمٍ
كَلَّ
Does every man of them hope to enter the Paradise of Delight?
But no!
meaning, is this their wish, yet they flee from the Messenger in aversion to the truth. Are they hoping that they will be admitted into the Gardens of Delight? Nay, rather their abode is Hell.
Then Allah affirms the occurrence of the Final Abode and the torment that will befall them that they are denying its existence and claiming it to be something farfetched. As a proof against them, Allah mentions the initiation of creation, and that repeating the process is something easier than performing it the first time. This is something that they themselves confess to. Allah says,
إِنَّا خَلَقۡنَاهُم مِّمَّا يَعۡلَمُونَ
Verily, We have created them out of that which they know!
meaning, from despised semen.
This is as Allah says,
أَلَمۡ نَخۡلُقكُّم مِّن مَّأءٍ مَّهِينٍ
Did We not create you from a despised water (semen) (77:20)
Allah also says,
فَلۡيَنظُرِ الاِنسَـنُ مِمَّ خُلِقَ
خُلِقَ مِن مَّأءٍ دَافِقٍ
يَخۡرُجُ مِن بَيۡنِ الصُّلۡبِ وَالتَّرَايِبِ
إِنَّهُ عَلَى رَجۡعِهِ لَقَادِرٌ
يَوۡمَ تُبۡلَى السَّرَايِرُ
فَمَا لَهُ مِن قُوَّةٍ وَلَا نَاصِرٍ
So let man see from what he is created!
He is created from a water gushing forth. Proceeding from between the backbone and the ribs.
Verily He is able to bring him back! The Day when all the secrets will be examined. Then he will have no power, nor any helper. (86:5-10)
Then Allah says
فَلَ أُقۡسِمُ بِرَبِّ الۡمَشَارِقِ وَالۡمَغَارِبِ
But no!
I swear by the Lord of the easts and the wests.
meaning, the One Who created the heavens and the earth and made the east and the west. He is the One Who subjected the stars causing them to appear in the eastern parts of the sky and vanish in the western parts of it.
The point of this statement is that the matter is not as the disbelievers claim:that there is no final return, no reckoning, no resurrection and no gathering. Rather all of this will occur and come to pass. There is no way of avoiding it. This is the reason that Allah has stated a negation at the beginning of this oath. This shows that He is swearing by a denial of their claim. This is a refutation of their false claim of rejecting the Day of Judgement. They already witnessed the greatness of Allah's power in what is more convincing than the Day of Judgement, that is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the subjection of the creatures in them, the animals, the inanimate objects and the other types of creatures that exist.
This is why Allah says,
لَخَلۡقُ السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرۡضِ أَكۡـبَرُ مِنۡ خَلۡقِ النَّاسِ وَلَـكِنَّ أَكۡـثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعۡلَمُونَ
The creation of the heavens and the earth is indeed greater than the creation of mankind; yet, most of mankind know not. (40:57)
Allah also says,
أَوَلَمۡ يَرَوۡاۡ أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِى خَلَقَ السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرۡضِ وَلَمۡ يَعۡىَ بِخَلۡقِهِنَّ بِقَادِرٍ عَلَى أَن يُحۡىِ الۡمَوۡتَى بَلَى إِنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىۡءٍ قَدِيرٌ
Do they not see that Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth, and was not wearied by their creation, is able to give life to the dead?
Yes, He surely is Able to do all things. (46:33)
Allah says in another Ayah,
أَوَلَـيۡسَ الَذِى خَلَقَ السَّمَـوتِ وَالاٌّرۡضَ بِقَـدِرٍ عَلَى أَن يَخۡلُقَ مِثۡلَهُم بَلَى وَهُوَ الۡخَلَّـقُ الۡعَلِيمُ
إِنَّمَأ أَمۡرُهُ إِذَا أَرَادَ شَيۡياً أَن يَقُولَ لَهُ كُن فَيَكُونُ
Is not He Who created the heavens and the earth, able to create the like of them?
Yes, indeed! He is the All-Knowing Supreme Creator.
Verily, His command, when He intends a thing, is only that He says to it, Be!-- and it is! (36:81,82)
So here He says,
فَلَ أُقۡسِمُ بِرَبِّ الۡمَشَارِقِ وَالۡمَغَارِبِ إِنَّا لَقَادِرُونَ
عَلَى أَن نُّبَدِّلَ خَيۡرًا مِّنۡهُمۡ
But no!
I swear by the Lord of the easts and the wests that surely We are Able to replace them by (others) better than them..
meaning, `on the Day of Judgement We will bring them back (to life) in bodies that are better than these bodies that they have now.'
For verily, Allah's power is suitable (able) to do that.
وَمَا نَحۡنُ بِمَسۡبُوقِينَ
and We are not to be outrun.
meaning, `We are not unable.'
This is as Allah says,
أَيَحۡسَبُ الاِنسَـنُ أَلَّن نَّجۡمَعَ عِظَامَهُ بَلَى قَـدِرِينَ عَلَى أَن نُّسَوِّىَ بَنَانَهُ
Does man think that We shall not assemble his bones?
Yes, We are able to put together in perfect order the tips of his fingers. (75:3,4)
Allah also says,
نَحۡنُ قَدَّرۡنَا بَيۡنَكُمُ الۡمَوۡتَ وَمَا نَحۡنُ بِمَسۡبُوقِينَ
عَلَى أَن نُّبَدِّلَ أَمۡثَـلَكُمۡ وَنُنشِيَكُمۡ فِى مَا لَا تَعۡلَمُونَ
We have decreed death to you all, and We are not outstripped. To transfigure you and create you in (forms) that you know not. (56:60,61)
Ibn Jarir preferred the meaning to be:
`a nation who will obey Us and not disobey Us.'
He (Ibn Jarir) interpreted it in the same way as Allah's statements,
عَلَى أَن نُّبَدِّلَ خَيۡرًا مِّنۡهُمۡ
(To replace them by (others) better than them..) and:
الۡفُقَرَاءُ وَإِن تَتَوَلَّوۡاۡ يَسۡتَبۡدِلۡ قَوۡماً غَيۡرَكُمۡ ثُمَّ لَا يَكُونُواۡ
And if you turn away, He will exchange you for some other people and they will not be like you. (47:38)
However, the first interpretation is more obvious since the other Ayat support that, and Allah the Most High knows best.
Then Allah says
فَذَرۡهُمۡ
So leave them,
meaning, `O Muhammad!'
يَخُوضُوا وَيَلۡعَبُوا
to plunge in vain talk and play about,
meaning, leave them in their denial, disbelief and obstinance.
حَتَّى يُلَقُوا يَوۡمَهُمُ الَّذِي يُوعَدُونَ
until they meet their Day which they are promised.
meaning, they are going to know the outcome of that and taste its evil consequences.
يَوۡمَ يَخۡرُجُونَ مِنَ الاَۡجۡدَاثِ سِرَاعًا كَأَنَّهُمۡ إِلَى نُصُبٍ يُوفِضُونَ
The Day when they will come out of the graves quickly as racing to a Nusub.
meaning, they will stand up out of their graves when the Lord, Blessed be He the Most High, calls them to the place of the reckoning. They will rise up quickly as if they were rushing towards some monumental object.
Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid and Ad-Dahhak, all said,
As if they were rushing towards a flag.
Abu `Aliyah and Yahya bin Abi Kathir both said,
As if they were rushing towards a goal.
The majority of reciters recited this word as Nasb (instead of Nusub) with a Fathah over the letter Nun and a Sukun over the letter Sad.
This (Nasb) is a verbal noun meaning something that is erected.
Al-Hasan Al-Basri recited it as Nusub with a Dammah over both the letter Nun and Sad. This (Nusub) means an idol.
With this recitation the Ayah means, as if their rushing to this place was like when they used to hurry in the worldly life to the idol when they ﷺ it. They would rush hurriedly to see who would be the first of them to touch it.
This has been reported from Mujahid, Yahya bin Abi Kathir, Muslim Al-Batin, Qatadah, Ad-Dahhak, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, Abu Salih, `Asim bin Bahdalah, Ibn Zayd and others.
Concerning Allah's statement
خَاشِعَةً أَبۡصَارُ
With their eyes lowered in fear,
meaning humbled.
هُمۡ تَرۡهَقُهُمۡ ذِلَّةٌ
covering them with humility.
meaning, in return for how they behaved arrogantly in the worldly life by refusing to be obedient (to Allah).
ذَلِكَ الۡيَوۡمُ الَّذِي كَانُوا يُوعَدُونَ
That is the Day which they were promised!
This is the end of the Tafsir of Surah Ma'arij. And all praise and thanks are due to Allah.
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