An-Najm: 31

Ayah

Word by Word

وَلِلَّهِ

And for Allah

مَا

(is) whatever

فِي

(is) in

ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ

the heavens

وَمَا

and whatever

فِي

(is) in

ٱلۡأَرۡضِ

the earth

لِيَجۡزِيَ

that He may recompense

ٱلَّذِينَ

those who

أَسَٰٓـُٔواْ

do evil

بِمَا

with what

عَمِلُواْ

they have done

وَيَجۡزِيَ

and recompense

ٱلَّذِينَ

those who

أَحۡسَنُواْ

do good

بِٱلۡحُسۡنَى

with the best

Translation

Yea, to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth: so that He rewards those who do evil, according to their deeds, and He rewards those who do good, with what is best.

Tafsir

Refuting the Claim of the Idolators that the Angels are Allah's Daughters

Allah the Exalted admonishes the idolators,

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ لَا يُوۡمِنُونَ بِالاۡخِرَةِ لَيُسَمُّونَ الۡمَلَيِكَةَ تَسۡمِيَةَ الاُۡنثَى

Verily, those who believe not in the Hereafter, name the angels with female names.

Allah the Exalted admonishes the idolators for calling the angels female names and claiming that they are Allah's daughters. Allah is far removed from what they ascribe to Him.

Allah the Exalted said in another Ayah,

وَجَعَلُواۡ الۡمَلَـيِكَةَ الَّذِينَ هُمۡ عِبَادُ الرَّحۡمَـنِ إِنَـثاً أَشَهِدُواۡ خَلۡقَهُمۡ سَتُكۡتَبُ شَهَـدَتُهُمۡ وَيُسۡـَلُونَ

And they make females the angels, who themselves are servants of the Most Gracious. Did they witness their creation? Their testimony will be recorded, and they will be questioned! (43:19)

Allah's statement here

وَمَا لَهُم بِهِ مِنۡ عِلۡمٍ

But they have no knowledge thereof.

meaning, they have no correct knowledge testifying to their statements. What they say is all lies, falsehood, fake and utter atheism,

إِن يَتَّبِعُونَ إِلاَّ الظَّنَّ وَإِنَّ الظَّنَّ

لَاا يُغۡنِي مِنَ الۡحَقِّ شَيۡيًا

They follow but conjecture, and verily, conjecture is no substitute for the truth.

meaning, conjecture is of no benefit and never takes the place of truth.

In a Hadith recorded in the Sahih, the Messenger of Allah said,

إِيَّاكُمۡ وَالظَّنَّ فَإِنَّ الظَّنَّ أَكۡذَبُ الۡحَدِيث

Beware of suspicion, for suspicion is the most lying speech.

The Necessity of turning away from the People of Misguidance

Allah's statement

فَأَعۡرِضۡ عَن مَّن تَوَلَّى عَن ذِكۡرِنَا

Therefore withdraw from him who turns away from Our Reminder,

means, stay away from those who turn away from the Truth and shun them,

وَلَمۡ يُرِدۡ إِلاَّ الۡحَيَاةَ الدُّنۡيَا

and desires nothing but the life of this world.

meaning, whose aim and knowledge are concentrated on this life; this is the goal of those who have no goodness in them

ذَلِكَ مَبۡلَغُهُم مِّنَ الۡعِلۡمِ

That is what they could reach of knowledge.

meaning, seeking this life and striving hard in its affairs is the best knowledge they have acquired. There is also the reported supplication:

اللۡهُمَّ لَا تَجۡعَلِ الدُّنۡيَا أَكۡبَرَ هَمِّنَا وَلَا مَبۡلَغَ عِلۡمِنَا

O Allah! Make not this life the greatest of our concerns, nor the best knowledge that we can attain.

Allah's statement,

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَن ضَلَّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ وَهُوَ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَنِ اهۡتَدَى

Verily, your Lord is He, Who knows best him who goes astray from His path, and He knows best him who receives guidance.

meaning, He is the Creator of all creatures and He knows whatever benefits His servants. Allah is the One Who guides whom He wills and misguides whom He wills, and all of this indicates His power, knowledge and wisdom. Certainly, He is Just and never legislates or decrees unjustly.

Allah knows Every Matter, whether Small or Big, and He rewards Each according to His or Her Deeds

Allah says,

وَلِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الاَۡرۡضِ

And to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth,

Allah asserts that He is the King and Owner of the heavens and earth and that He is independent of the need for anyone. He is the authority over His creation and rules them with justice. He created the creation in truth,

لِيَجۡزِيَ الَّذِينَ أَسَاوُوا بِمَا عَمِلُوا وَيَجۡزِيَ الَّذِينَ أَحۡسَنُوا بِالۡحُسۡنَى

that He may requite those who do evil with that which they have done, and reward those who do good, with what is best.

He recompenses each according to his or her deeds, good for good and evil for evil.

Qualities of the Good-doers; Allah forgives the Small Faults

Allah stated that the good doers are those who avoid major sins and immoral sins. They sometimes commit minor sins, but they will be forgiven these minor sins and covered from exposure, as Allah mentioned in another Ayah;

إِن تَجۡتَنِبُواۡ كَبَأيِرَ مَا تُنهَوۡنَ عَنۡهُ نُكَفِّرۡ عَنۡكُمۡ سَيِّيَـتِكُمۡ وَنُدۡخِلۡكُمۡ مُّدۡخَلً كَرِيماً

If you avoid the great sins which you are forbidden to do, We shall expiate from you your (small) sins, and admit you to a Noble Entrance. (4:31)

Allah said here

الَّذِينَ يَجۡتَنِبُونَ كَبَايِرَ الاِۡثۡمِ وَالۡفَوَاحِشَ إِلاَّ اللَّمَمَ

Those who avoid great sins and Al-Fawahish (immoral sins) except Al-Lamam,

Al-Lamam means, small faults and minor errors.

Imam Ahmad recorded that Ibn Abbas said,

I have not seen anything that resembles Al-Lamam better than the Hadith that Abu Hurayrah narrated from the Prophet,

إِنَّ اللهَ تَعَالَى كَتَبَ عَلَى ابۡنِ ادَمَ حَظَّهُ مِنَ الزِّنَا أَدۡرَكَ ذلِكَ لَا مَحَالَةَ فَزِنَا الۡعَيۡنِ النَّظَرُ وَزِنَا اللِّسَانِ النُّطۡقُ وَالنَّفۡسُ تَتَمَنَّى وَتَشۡتَهِي وَالۡفَرۡجُ يُصِدِّقُ ذلِكَ أَوۡ يُكَذِّبُه

Verily, Allah the Exalted has decreed for the Son of Adam his share of Zina and he will certainly earn his share. The Zina of the eye is by looking, the Zina of the tongue is by talking and the heart wishes and lusts, but the sexual organ either substantiates all this or not.

This Hadith is recorded in the Two Sahihs.

Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn Mas`ud said,

The eyes commit Zina by looking, the lips by kissing, the hands by transgressing, the feet by walking, and the sexual organ either materializes all of this or not. When one commits sexual intercourse, he will be someone who committed Zina. Otherwise, it is Al-Lamam.

Masruq and Ash-Sha`bi also held the same view.

Abdur-Rahman bin Nafi`, who is also known as Ibn Lubabah At-Ta'ifi, said,

I asked Abu Hurayrah about Allah's statement,

إِلاَّ اللَّمَمَ

(except the Lamam), and he said,

`It pertains to kissing, winking one's eye, looking and embracing. When the sexual organ meets the sexual organ in intercourse then Ghusl is obligatory, and that is Zina.

Encouraging Repentance and forbidding Claims of Purity for Oneself

Allah's statement,

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ وَاسِعُ الۡمَغۡفِرَةِ

verily, your Lord is of vast forgiveness.

asserts that His Mercy encompasses everything, and His forgiveness entails every type of sin, if one repents,

قُلۡ يعِبَادِىَ الَّذِينَ أَسۡرَفُواۡ عَلَى أَنفُسِهِمۡ لَا تَقۡنَطُواۡ مِن رَّحۡمَةِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَغۡفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ جَمِيعاً إِنَّهُ هُوَ الۡغَفُورُ الرَّحِيمُ

Say:

O My servants who have transgressed against them- selves! Despair not of the mercy of Allah:verily, Allah forgives all sins. Truly, He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (39:53)

Allah said,

هُوَ أَعۡلَمُ بِكُمۡ إِذۡ أَنشَأَكُم مِّنَ الاَۡرۡضِ

He knows you well when He created you from the earth,

Allah says,

`He was and still is the All-Knowing Whose knowledge encompasses your affairs, statements and all of the actions that will be committed by you, even when He created your father Adam from the earth and took his offspring from his loin, as small as ants. He then divided them into two groups, a group destined for Paradise and a group to Hellfire,'

وَإِذۡ أَنتُمۡ أَجِنَّةٌ فِي بُطُونِ أُمَّهَاتِكُمۡ

and when you were fetuses in your mothers' wombs.

when He commanded the angel to record one's provisions, age, actions and if he would be among the miserable or the happy.

Allah said,

فَلَ تُزَكُّوا أَنفُسَكُمۡ

So, ascribe not purity to yourselves.

forbidding one from ascribing purity and praising himself and thinking highly of his actions,

هُوَ أَعۡلَمُ بِمَنِ اتَّقَى

He knows best him who has Taqwa.

Allah said in another Ayah,

أَلَمۡ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ يُزَكُّونَ أَنفُسَهُمۡ بَلِ اللَّهُ يُزَكِّى مَن يَشَأءُ وَلَا يُظۡلَمُونَ فَتِيلً

Have you not seen those who claim sanctity for themselves. Nay, but Allah sanctifies whom He wills, and they will not be dealt with unjustly, even equal to the extent of a Fatil. (4:49)

In his Sahih, Muslim recorded that Muhammad bin `Amr bin `Ata said,

I called my daughter, Barrah (the pious one), and Zaynab bint Abu Salamah said to me, `The Messenger of Allah forbade using this name. I was originally called Barrah and he said,

لَاا تُزَكُّوا أَنۡفُسَكُمۡ إِنَّ اللهَ أَعۡلَمُ بِأَهۡلِ الۡبِرِّ مِنۡكُم

Do not ascribe purity to yourselves; Allah knows best who the pious people among you are,'

They said, `What should we call her?'

He said,

سَمُّوهَا زَيۡنَب

(Call her Zaynab).

Imam Ahmad recorded a Hadith from Abdur-Rahman bin Abi Bakrah, from his father who said,

A man praised another man before the Prophet . The Messenger of Allah said,

وَيۡلَكَ قَطَعۡتَ عُنُقَ صَاحِبِكَ مرارًا إِذَا كَانَ أَحَدُكُمۡ مَادِحًا صَاحِبَهُ لَا مَحَالَةَ فَلۡيَقُلۡ أَحۡسِبُ فُلَنًا وَاللهُ حَسِيبُهُ وَلَا أُزَكِّي عَلَى اللهِ أَحَدًا أَحۡسِبُهُ كَذَا وَكَذَا إِنۡ كَانَ يَعۡلَمُ ذلِك

Woe to you, you have cut off the neck of your friend! (He repeated this), If one of you must praise a friend of his, let him say,

I think that so-and-so is this and that; Allah knows best about him and I will never purify anyone before Allah,

if he knows his friend to be as he is describing him.

Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah collected this Hadith.

Imam Ahmad recorded that Hammam bin Al-Harith said,

A man came before Uthman bin Affan and praised him. Al-Miqdad bin Al-Aswad started throwing sand in the face of that man, saying, `The Messenger of Allah ordered us to throw sand in their faces when we see those who praise.'

Muslim and Abu Dawud also collected this Hadith.

An-Najm: 31

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