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Ayah
Word by Word
رَضُواْ
They (were) satisfied
بِأَن
to
يَكُونُواْ
be
مَعَ
with
ٱلۡخَوَالِفِ
those who stay behind
وَطُبِعَ
and were sealed
عَلَىٰ
[on]
قُلُوبِهِمۡ
their hearts
فَهُمۡ
so they
لَا
(do) not
يَفۡقَهُونَ
understand
رَضُواْ
They (were) satisfied
بِأَن
to
يَكُونُواْ
be
مَعَ
with
ٱلۡخَوَالِفِ
those who stay behind
وَطُبِعَ
and were sealed
عَلَىٰ
[on]
قُلُوبِهِمۡ
their hearts
فَهُمۡ
so they
لَا
(do) not
يَفۡقَهُونَ
understand
Translation
They prefer to be with (the women), who remain behind (at home): their hearts are sealed and so they understand not.
Tafsir
They are content to be with those who stay behind (khawaalif is the plural of khaalifa, meaning the women who 'stay behind' [takhallafna] at home) and a seal has been set upon their hearts, so they do not understand, [what is] good.
"Admonishing Those Who did not join the Jihad
Allah says;
وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتۡ سُورَةٌ أَنۡ امِنُواۡ بِاللّهِ وَجَاهِدُواۡ مَعَ رَسُولِهِ اسۡتَأۡذَنَكَ أُوۡلُواۡ الطَّوۡلِ مِنۡهُمۡ وَقَالُواۡ
And when a Surah is revealed, enjoining them to believe in Allah and to strive hard and fight along with His Messenger, the wealthy among them ask your leave to exempt them and say,
Allah chastises and admonishes those who stayed away from Jihad and refrained from performing it, even though they had the supplies, means and ability to join it. They asked the Messenger for permission to stay behind, saying,
ذَرۡنَا نَكُن
مَّعَ الۡقَاعِدِينَ
""Leave us (behind), we would be with those who sit (at home).""
thus accepting for themselves the shame of lagging behind with women, after the army had left. If war starts, such people are the most cowardice, but when it is safe, they are the most boastful among men.
Allah described them in another Ayah,
فَإِذَا جَأءَ الۡخَوۡفُ رَأَيۡتَهُمۡ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَيۡكَ تَدورُ أَعۡيُنُهُمۡ كَالَّذِى يُغۡشَى عَلَيۡهِ مِنَ الۡمَوۡتِ فَإِذَا ذَهَبَ الۡخَوۡفُ سَلَقُوكُم بِأَلۡسِنَةٍ حِدَادٍ
Then when fear comes, you will see them looking to you, their eyes revolving like (those of) one over whom hovers death; but when the fear departs, they will smite you with sharp tongues. (33:19)
their tongues direct their harsh words against you, when it is safe to do so. In battle, however, they are the most cowardice among men.
Allah said in other Ayah,
وَيَقُولُ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواۡ لَوۡلَا نُزِّلَتۡ سُورَةٌ فَإِذَا أُنزِلَتۡ سُورَةٌ مُّحۡكَمَةٌ وَذُكِرَ فِيهَا الۡقِتَالُ رَأَيۡتَ الَّذِينَ فِى قُلُوبِهِمۡ مَّرَضٌ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَيۡكَ نَظَرَ الۡمَغۡشِىِّ عَلَيۡهِ مِنَ الۡمَوۡتِ فَأَوۡلَى لَهُمۡ
طَاعَةٌ وَقَوۡلٌ مَّعۡرُوفٌ فَإِذَا عَزَمَ الاٌّمۡرُ فَلَوۡ صَدَقُواۡ اللَّهَ لَكَانَ خَيۡراً لَّهُمۡ
Those who believe say:""Why is not a Surah sent down (for us)! But when a decisive Surah (explaining and ordering things) is sent down, and fighting is mentioned therein, you will see those in whose hearts is a disease looking at you with a look of one fainting to death. But it was better for them. Obedience (to Allah) and good words (were better for them). And when the matter is resolved on, then if they had been true to Allah, it would have been better for them. (47:20-21)
Allah said next
رَضُواۡ بِأَن يَكُونُواۡ مَعَ الۡخَوَالِفِ
They are content to be with those who sit behind.
وَطُبِعَ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمۡ
Their hearts are sealed up,
because of their staying away from Jihad and from accompanying the Messenger in Allah's cause,
فَهُمۡ لَا يَفۡقَهُونَ
so they understand not.
they neither understand what benefits them so that they perform it nor what hurts them so that they avoid it
After Allah mentioned the sins of the hypocrites, He praised the faithful believers and described their reward in the Hereafter,
لَـكِنِ الرَّسُولُ وَالَّذِينَ امَنُواۡ مَعَهُ جَاهَدُواۡ بِأَمۡوَالِهِمۡ وَأَنفُسِهِمۡ وَأُوۡلَـيِكَ لَهُمُ الۡخَيۡرَاتُ وَأُوۡلَـيِكَ هُمُ الۡمُفۡلِحُونَ
أَعَدَّ اللّهُ لَهُمۡ جَنَّاتٍ تَجۡرِي مِن تَحۡتِهَا الَانۡهَارُ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا ذَلِكَ الۡفَوۡزُ الۡعَظِيمُ
But the Messenger and those who believed with him strove hard and fought with their wealth and their lives. Such are they for whom are the good things, and it is they who will be successful.For them Allah has prepared Gardens (Paradise) under which rivers flow, to dwell therein forever. That is the supreme success.
This describes the qualities, as well as, the reward of faithful believers.
Allah said,
وَأُوۡلَـيِكَ لَهُمُ الۡخَيۡرَاتُ
(Such are they for whom are the good things),
in the Hereafter, in the gardens of Al-Firdaws and the high grades
Allah says;
وَجَاء الۡمُعَذِّرُونَ مِنَ الَاعۡرَابِ لِيُوۡذَنَ لَهُمۡ
And those who made excuses from the Bedouins came asking your permission to exempt them (from the battle),
Allah describes here the condition of the Bedouins who lived around Al-Madinah, who asked for permission to remain behind from Jihad when they came to the Messenger to explain to him their weakness and inability to join the fighting.
Ad-Dahhak said that Ibn Abbas said that;
they were those who had valid excuses, for Allah said next,
وَقَعَدَ الَّذِينَ كَذَبُواۡ اللّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ
and those who had lied to Allah and His Messenger sat at home,
and did not ask for permission for it;
and Allah warned them of painful punishment,
سَيُصِيبُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواۡ مِنۡهُمۡ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
a painful torment will seize those of them who disbelieve."
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