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Ayah

Word by Word
وَوَٰعَدۡنَا
And We appointed
مُوسَىٰ
(for) Musa
ثَلَٰثِينَ
thirty
لَيۡلَةٗ
nights
وَأَتۡمَمۡنَٰهَا
and We completed them
بِعَشۡرٖ
with ten (more)
فَتَمَّ
so was completed
مِيقَٰتُ
(the) set term
رَبِّهِۦٓ
(of) his Lord
أَرۡبَعِينَ
(of) forty
لَيۡلَةٗۚ
night(s)
وَقَالَ
And said
مُوسَىٰ
Musa
لِأَخِيهِ
to his brother
هَٰرُونَ
Harun
ٱخۡلُفۡنِي
Take my place
فِي
in
قَوۡمِي
my people
وَأَصۡلِحۡ
and do right
وَلَا
and (do) not
تَتَّبِعۡ
follow
سَبِيلَ
(the) way
ٱلۡمُفۡسِدِينَ
(of) the corrupters
وَوَٰعَدۡنَا
And We appointed
مُوسَىٰ
(for) Musa
ثَلَٰثِينَ
thirty
لَيۡلَةٗ
nights
وَأَتۡمَمۡنَٰهَا
and We completed them
بِعَشۡرٖ
with ten (more)
فَتَمَّ
so was completed
مِيقَٰتُ
(the) set term
رَبِّهِۦٓ
(of) his Lord
أَرۡبَعِينَ
(of) forty
لَيۡلَةٗۚ
night(s)
وَقَالَ
And said
مُوسَىٰ
Musa
لِأَخِيهِ
to his brother
هَٰرُونَ
Harun
ٱخۡلُفۡنِي
Take my place
فِي
in
قَوۡمِي
my people
وَأَصۡلِحۡ
and do right
وَلَا
and (do) not
تَتَّبِعۡ
follow
سَبِيلَ
(the) way
ٱلۡمُفۡسِدِينَ
(of) the corrupters

Translation

And We made an appointment with Moses for thirty nights and perfected them by [the addition of] ten; so the term of his Lord was completed as forty nights. And Moses said to his brother Aaron, "Take my place among my people, do right [by them],1 and do not follow the way of the corrupters."
Footnotes
1 - i.e., keep their affairs in order.

Tafsir

And We appointed (read wa-waa'adnaa or wa-wa'adnaa) for Moses thirty nights, at the end of which We would speak to him, after he has fasted [during that period]; that was the month of Dhoo'l-Qa'da. He completed the fast. But when it came to an end, he disliked the [bad] odour of his mouth and so cleaned his teeth. God then commanded him [to fast for] another ten nights so that He may speak to him despite the odour in his mouth: as God says, and completed them with ten, nights of Dhoo'l-Hijja. Thus was the time appointed by his Lord concluded, the time at which God had promised him to speak to him, as forty (arba'eena is a circumstantial qualifier) nights (laylatan is for specification); and Moses said to his brother Aaron, when he was departing to the Mount for the communion [with his Lord]: 'Succeed me, be my deputy, over my people, and be righteous, [among them] with regard to their affair, and do not follow the way of the agents of corruption', by consenting with them to acts of disobedience.

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