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Ayah
Word by Word
هُوَ
He
ٱلَّذِيٓ
(is) the One Who
أَخۡرَجَ
expelled
ٱلَّذِينَ
those who
كَفَرُواْ
disbelieved
مِنۡ
from
أَهۡلِ
(the) People
ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ
(of) the Scripture
مِن
from
دِيَٰرِهِمۡ
their homes
لِأَوَّلِ
at (the) first
ٱلۡحَشۡرِۚ
gathering
مَا
Not
ظَنَنتُمۡ
you think
أَن
that
يَخۡرُجُواْۖ
they would leave
وَظَنُّوٓاْ
and they thought
أَنَّهُم
that [they]
مَّانِعَتُهُمۡ
would defend them
حُصُونُهُم
their fortresses
مِّنَ
against
ٱللَّهِ
Allah
فَأَتَىٰهُمُ
But came to them
ٱللَّهُ
Allah
مِنۡ
from
حَيۡثُ
where
لَمۡ
not
يَحۡتَسِبُواْۖ
they expected
وَقَذَفَ
and He cast
فِي
into
قُلُوبِهِمُ
their hearts
ٱلرُّعۡبَۚ
[the] terror
يُخۡرِبُونَ
they destroyed
بُيُوتَهُم
their houses
بِأَيۡدِيهِمۡ
with their hands
وَأَيۡدِي
and the hands
ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ
(of) the believers
فَٱعۡتَبِرُواْ
So take a lesson
يَٰٓأُوْلِي
O those endowed
ٱلۡأَبۡصَٰرِ
(with) insight
هُوَ
He
ٱلَّذِيٓ
(is) the One Who
أَخۡرَجَ
expelled
ٱلَّذِينَ
those who
كَفَرُواْ
disbelieved
مِنۡ
from
أَهۡلِ
(the) People
ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ
(of) the Scripture
مِن
from
دِيَٰرِهِمۡ
their homes
لِأَوَّلِ
at (the) first
ٱلۡحَشۡرِۚ
gathering
مَا
Not
ظَنَنتُمۡ
you think
أَن
that
يَخۡرُجُواْۖ
they would leave
وَظَنُّوٓاْ
and they thought
أَنَّهُم
that [they]
مَّانِعَتُهُمۡ
would defend them
حُصُونُهُم
their fortresses
مِّنَ
against
ٱللَّهِ
Allah
فَأَتَىٰهُمُ
But came to them
ٱللَّهُ
Allah
مِنۡ
from
حَيۡثُ
where
لَمۡ
not
يَحۡتَسِبُواْۖ
they expected
وَقَذَفَ
and He cast
فِي
into
قُلُوبِهِمُ
their hearts
ٱلرُّعۡبَۚ
[the] terror
يُخۡرِبُونَ
they destroyed
بُيُوتَهُم
their houses
بِأَيۡدِيهِمۡ
with their hands
وَأَيۡدِي
and the hands
ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ
(of) the believers
فَٱعۡتَبِرُواْ
So take a lesson
يَٰٓأُوْلِي
O those endowed
ٱلۡأَبۡصَٰرِ
(with) insight
Translation
It is He who expelled the ones who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture1 from their homes at the first gathering.2 You did not think they would leave, and they thought that their fortresses would protect them from Allāh; but [the decree of] Allāh came upon them from where they had not expected, and He cast terror into their hearts [so] they destroyed their houses by their [own] hands and the hands of the believers. So take warning, O people of vision.
Footnotes
1 Referring to the Jews of Banun-Naḍeer, who broke their pact with the Messenger of Allāh (ﷺ).
2 This was the first tme they had ever been gathered and expelled.
Tafsir
It is He Who expelled those who disbelieved of the People of the Scripture, namely, the Jews of the Banoo al-Nadeer, from their homelands, [from] their dwellings at Medina, at the first exile, that is, their exile to Syria, the last [exile] being their banishment to Khaybar by 'Umar during his caliphate. You did not think, O believers, that they would go forth, and they thought that they would be protected (maani'atuhum is the predicate of an, 'that') by their fortresses (husoonuhum, the agent of the verb [maani'atuhum], with which the predication is completed) from God, from His chastisement. But God, His command and His chastisement, came at them from whence they had not reckoned, [from whence] had never occurred to them, from the part of the believers, and He cast terror (ru'b or ru'ub) into their hearts, by having their chief Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf slain, destroying [as they did] (read yukharriboona; or yukhriboona, [derived] from [4th form] akhraba) their houses, in order to take away with them what they valued of wood and so on, with their own hands and the hands of the believers. So take heed, O you who have eyes!
Tafsir of Surah Al-Hashr
Everything glorifies Allah in its own Way
Allah states that
سَبَّحَ لِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الاَْرْضِ
Whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is on the earth glorifies Allah.
Allah states that everything that exists in the heavens and on the earth praises, glorifies, reveres and prays to Him and affirms His Oneness.
Allah said in another Ayah,
تُسَبِّحُ لَهُ السَّمَـوَتُ السَّبْعُ وَالاٌّرْضُ وَمَن فِيهِنَّ وَإِن مِّن شَىْءٍ إِلاَّ يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدَهِ وَلَـكِن لاَّ تَفْقَهُونَ تَسْبِيحَهُمْ
The seven heavens and the earth and all that is therein, glorify Him and there is not a thing but glorifies His praise. But you understand not their glorification. (17:44)
Allah's statement,
وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ
And He is the Almighty, (meaning of invincible majesty),
الْحَكِيمُ
the All-Wise. (in what He decrees and legislates).
The End that Bani An-Nadir suffered
Allah said
هُوَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ
He it is Who drove out the disbelievers among the People of the Scripture,
referring to the Jewish tribe of Bani An-Nadir, according to Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Az-Zuhri and several others.
When the Messenger of Allah migrated to Al-Madinah, he made a peace treaty with the Jews stipulating that he would not fight them and they would not fight him. They soon betrayed the treaty that they made with Allah's Messenger. Therefore, Allah sent His torment down on them; it can never be averted, and His appointed destiny touched them; it can never be resisted.
The Prophet forced them to evacuate and abandon their fortified forts that Muslims did not think they would ever control. The Jews thought that their fortifications will save them from Allah's torment, but they did not help them against Allah in the least. Then, that which they did not expect came to them from Allah, and Allah's Messenger forced them to leave Al-Madinah.
Some of them went to Adhri`at in the area of Ash-Sham, which is the area of the grand Gathering and Resurrection, while others went to Khyber. The Prophet allowed them to evacuate their forts and take whatever their camels could carry. They destroyed the property that they could not carry. This is why Allah the Exalted said,
يُخْرِبُونَ بُيُوتَهُم بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَيْدِي الْمُوْمِنِينَ
فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي الاْاَبْصَارِ
they demolished their own dwellings with their own hands and the hands of the believers Then take admonition, O you with eyes.
meaning, Contemplate the end of those who defied Allah's command, contradicted His Messenger and denied His Book. See how Allah's humiliating torment struck them in this life, as well as, the painful torment that Allah has reserved for them in the Hereafter.
Abu Dawud recorded that Abdur-Rahman bin Ka`b bin Malik said that one of the Prophet's Companions said,
The Quraysh idolators wrote to Abdullah bin Ubayy and those who were still worshipping idols among the tribes of Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj. The Messenger of Allah was in Al-Madinah at the time, before the battle of Badr occurred. They wrote:
`You have given refuge to our citizen. We swear by Allah, you should fight him, or we will expel you or gather all our forces, until we kill your soldiers and take your women captive.'
When the news of this threat reached Abdullah bin Ubayy and the idolators of Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj, they prepared to fight the Prophet. The news of this reached the Prophet and he went to them saying,
لَقَدْ بَلَغَ وَعِيدُ قُرَيْشٍ مِنْكُمُ الْمَبَالِغَ مَا كَانَتْ تَكِيدُكُمْ بِأَكْثَرَ مِمَّا تُرِيدُ أَن تَكِيدُوا بِهِ أَنْفُسَكُمْ تُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تُقَاتِلُوا أَبْنَاءَكُمْ وَإِخْوَانَكُم
The threat of the Quraysh has caused you extreme anxiety! The Quraysh cannot cause you more harm than what you will cause yourselves by your actions. Do you want to fight your children and brethren?
When they heard these words from the Prophet, they dispersed and the news of what happened reached the Quraysh idolators.
After the battle of Badr, the Quraysh idolators wrote to the Jews of Al-Madinah,
`You have armor and forts! You should fight our citizen or we will do such and such to you, and nothing will prevent us from acquiring your women.'
The news of this letter also reached the Prophet and Bani An-Nadir intended to betray their treaty.
Bani An-Nadir sent a message to the Prophet asking him to come with thirty of his Companions to meet thirty of their rabbis half way, from either side. They said that the rabbis would listen to the Prophet and if they believe in him, the rest of Bani An-Nadir would believe.
They intended to kill the Messenger, and Allah informed His Messenger of this plot before they could harm him. The next day, the Prophet gathered his forces and laid siege to their area, saying to them,
إِنَّكُمْ وَاللهِ لَا تَأْمَنُونَ عِنْدِي إِلاَّ بِعَهْدٍ تُعَاهِدُونَنِي عَلَيْه
By Allah! You will not be safe until and unless you renew your peace treaty with me.
They refused to do so, and the Prophet fought them the rest of that day. The next morning, the Prophet laid siege to the tribe of Bani Qurayzah and left Bani An-Nadir alone that day.
The Prophet ordered Bani Qurayzah to sign a new treaty of peace, and they accepted.
The Prophet left Bani Qurayzah and went back to Bani An-Nadir with his forces and fought them until they agreed to surrender in return for safe passage out of Al-Madinah. Bani An-Nadir evacuated Al-Madinah and took with them all whatever their camels could carry from their furniture, including even the wood and the doors to their houses.
The date trees of Bani An-Nadir were granted to the Messenger by Allah when He said,
وَمَا أَفَاء اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ
And what Allah gave as booty to His Messenger from them -- for this you made no expedition with either cavalry or camelry.
that is, what you earned without a fight. The Prophet divided most of their trees between the emigrants and gave to only two men who were poor from Al-Ansar. He did not give the Ansar any of it, except for these two men. The Prophet kept a part of the war booty for himself and that part of charity of the Prophet was transferred to the administration of his daughter's children, i.e., children of Fatima.
However, let us summarize the battle of Bani An-Nadir here. From Allah alone we seek help.
The Reason behind the Battle of Bani An-Nadir
After the seventy Companions whom the Prophet sent to teach the Qur'an were killed at the area of Bi'r Ma`unah, excluding `Amr bin Umayyah Ad-Damri, who killed two men from the tribe of Bani `Amir on his way back to Al-Madinah. He did not know that these two men had a promise of safe passage from Allah's Messenger. When he went back to Al-Madinah, he told the Prophet what happened and the Prophet said,
لَقَدْ قَتَلْتَ رَجُلَيْنِ لَاَدِيَنَّهُمَا
You have killed two men, I shall pay the blood money for them.
Bani An-Nadir and Bani `Amir were allies and had treaties. The Prophet asked Bani An-Nadir to help pay the blood money for the two dead men.
The area of Bani An-Nadir was in a suburb of Al-Madinah, a few miles to the east. In his book of Sirah, Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar said;
Then the Messenger of Allah went to Bani An-Nadir to ask them for financial help to pay the blood money of the two men from Bani `Amir, who were killed by `Amr bin Umayyah Ad-Damri. They had a promise of safe passage from the Prophet according to the (sub narrator) Yazid bin Ruman. Bani An-Nadir and Bani `Amir had a treaty and were allies.
When Allah's Messenger went to Bani An-Nadir asking them for help to pay the blood money for the two men, they said, `
Yes, O Abu Al-Qasim! We will help you, since you asked us for help.'
Yet, when they met each other in secret, they said, `You will not find a better chance with this man than this,' while the Messenger of Allah was sitting next to a wall of one of their houses.
They said, `Who will ascend this wall and drop a stone on this man and rid us of his trouble'
`Amr bin Jihash bin Ka`b volunteered and ascended the wall of the house to drop a stone on the Messenger.
The Messenger of Allah was sitting with several of his Companions, such as Abu Bakr, `Umar and `Ali. The news of this plot was conveyed to the Prophet from heaven, and he stood up and went back to Al-Madinah.
When the Companions thought that the Messenger was absent for a long time, they went to see where he was and ﷺ a man coming from Al-Madinah. They asked him, and he said that he ﷺ the Prophet enter Al-Madinah. The Messenger's Companions went to him, and he told them the news of the betraying plot that the Jews planned against him. He ordered them to prepare for war and to march forth to Bani An-Nadir.
The Prophet gathered his forces and marched to the area of Bani An-Nadir, who had taken refuge in their fortified forts. The Messenger ordered their date trees be cut down and burned. The Jews heralded at the Prophet,
`O Muhammad! You used to forbid mischief in the earth and blame those who did it. Why is it that you had the date trees cut down and burned'
Meanwhile, Abdullah bin Ubayy bin Salul, Wadi`ah, Malik bin Abi Qawqal, Suwayd, Da`is and several other men who all belonged to the tribe of Al-Khazraj bin Bani `Awf, sent a message to Bani An-Nadir saying,
`Be firm and strong. We will never abandon you. If you are fought against, we will fight along with you and if you are forced to leave Al-Madinah, we will accompany you.'
The Jews waited for this claim of support, but the hypocrites did not deliver. Allah cast terror in the hearts of the Jews. They asked the Messenger to allow them safe passage out of Al-Madinah and to spare their lives. In return, they would only take what their camels could carry, except for weapons.
The Prophet agreed. The Jews collected all the wealth their camels could transport. One of the Jews would demolish his own house around its door, so that he could carry the door on the back of his camel. Bani An-Nadir moved to Khyber, and some of them went to Ash-Sham.
They left all that remained behind for the Messenger of Allah, who had control over how it was to be divided. The Prophet divided it between the emigrants and none of Al-Ansar got a share, except for Sahl bin Hunayf and Abu Dujanah Simak bin Kharashah. They said that they were poor and the Messenger of Allah gave them their share.
Only two men from Bani An-Nadir embraced Islam, Yamin bin Umayr bin Ka`b bin `Amr bin Jihash and Abu Sa`d bin Wahb and they saved their wealth due to their acceptance of Islam.
Ibn Ishaq continued,
Some of the offspring of Yamin narrated to me that the Messenger of Allah said to Yamin,
أَلَمْ تَرَ مَا لَقِيتُ مِنَ ابْنِ عَمِّكَ وَمَا هَمَّ بِهِ مِنْ شَأْنِي
Have you not heard what your cousin plotted to do against me?
Yamin bin `Umayr promised someone a reward if he killed his cousin `Amr bin Jihash, and someone killed him, according to their claim
Ibn Ishaq then said,
All of Surah Al-Hashr was revealed about Bani An-Nadir.
A similar story was recorded by Yunus bin Bukayr from Ibn Ishaq.
*****
Allah's statement,
هُوَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ
He it is Who drove out the disbelievers among the People of the Scripture,
refers to Bani An-Nadir,
مِن دِيَارِهِمْ لاَِوَّلِ الْحَشْرِ
..
from their homes at the first gathering.
Allah said,
مَا ظَنَنتُمْ أَن يَخْرُجُوا
You did not think that they would get out.
i.e., within the few days you laid siege against them. The Companions had surrounded their forts for only six days, and their forts were fortified and formidable.
This is why Allah the Exalted said,
وَظَنُّوا أَنَّهُم مَّانِعَتُهُمْ حُصُونُهُم مِّنَ اللَّه
فَأَتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَمْ يَحْتَسِبُوا
And they thought that their fortresses would defend them from Allah! But Allah reached them from a place where they expected it not.
meaning, there came to them from Allah what they did not expect or anticipate.
Allah said in another Ayah,
قَدْ مَكَرَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ فَأَتَى اللَّهُ بُنْيَـنَهُمْ مِّنَ الْقَوَاعِدِ فَخَرَّ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّقْفُ مِن فَوْقِهِمْ وَأَتَـهُمُ الْعَذَابُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَا يَشْعُرُونَ
Those before them indeed plotted, but Allah struck at the foundation of their building, and then the roof fell down upon them, from above them, and the torment overtook them from directions they did not perceive. (16:26)
Allah said,
وَقَذَفَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الرُّعْبَ
and He cast terror into their hearts,
means, Allah cast fear, terror and fright in their hearts, and why would that not happen to them He who was given victory, by Allah frightening his enemies the distance of a month, laid siege to them. May Allah's peace and blessings be on the Prophet.
As in Ibn Ishaq's explanation -- which preceded;
يُخْرِبُونَ بُيُوتَهُم بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَيْدِي الْمُوْمِنِينَ
that they demolished their own dwellings with their own hands and the hands of the believers.
the Jews brought down what they wanted to transport from their roofs and doors, so that they could carry them on camels.
Similar was said by `Urwah bin Az-Zubayr, `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam and several others.
فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي الاْاَبْصَارِ
Then take admonition, O you with eyes.
Allah's statement
وَلَوْلَا أَن كَتَبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْجَلَء لَعَذَّبَهُمْ فِي الدُّنْيَا
And had it not been that Allah had decreed exile for them, He would certainly have punished them in this world;
meaning, if it was not for the fact that Allah had already decreed that they would evacuate Al-Madinah, leaving behind their homes and wealth, He would have sent another type of punishment upon them, such as being killed and captured.
This was said by Az-Zuhri. `Urwah, As-Suddi.
Ibn Zayd said that Allah decreed that the Jews would be punished in the life of this world and face the torment of the fire of Hell He prepared for them in the Hereafter.
Allah said,
وَلَهُمْ فِي الاْخِرَةِ عَذَابُ النَّارِ
and in the Hereafter theirs shall be the torment of the Fire.
meaning, it is a matter ordained that they will surely face
ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ شَاقُّوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ
That is because they opposed Allah and His Messenger.
means, Allah prepared this specific punishment and sent His Messenger and his Companions against them, because they defied Allah and His Messenger and denied the good news that Allah sent forth in the Books of previous Messengers regarding the coming of Muhammad. The Jews knew these facts about Muhammad just as they knew their own children.
Allah said,
وَمَن يُشَاقِّ اللَّهَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ
And whosoever opposes Allah, then verily, Allah is Severe in punishment.
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