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Ayah
Word by Word
وَمَا
And what
لَكُمۡ
(is) for you
أَلَّا
that not
تُنفِقُواْ
you spend
فِي
in
سَبِيلِ
(the) way
ٱللَّهِ
(of) Allah
وَلِلَّهِ
while for Allah
مِيرَٰثُ
(is the) heritage
ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ
(of) the heavens
وَٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ
and the earth
لَا
Not
يَسۡتَوِي
are equal
مِنكُم
among you
مَّنۡ
(those) who
أَنفَقَ
spent
مِن
before
قَبۡلِ
before
ٱلۡفَتۡحِ
the victory
وَقَٰتَلَۚ
and fought
أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ
Those
أَعۡظَمُ
(are) greater
دَرَجَةٗ
(in) degree
مِّنَ
than
ٱلَّذِينَ
those who
أَنفَقُواْ
spent
مِنۢ
afterwards
بَعۡدُ
afterwards
وَقَٰتَلُواْۚ
and fought
وَكُلّٗا
But to all
وَعَدَ
Allah has promised
ٱللَّهُ
Allah has promised
ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰۚ
the best
وَٱللَّهُ
And Allah
بِمَا
of what
تَعۡمَلُونَ
you do
خَبِيرٞ
(is) All-Aware
وَمَا
And what
لَكُمۡ
(is) for you
أَلَّا
that not
تُنفِقُواْ
you spend
فِي
in
سَبِيلِ
(the) way
ٱللَّهِ
(of) Allah
وَلِلَّهِ
while for Allah
مِيرَٰثُ
(is the) heritage
ٱلسَّمَٰوَٰتِ
(of) the heavens
وَٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ
and the earth
لَا
Not
يَسۡتَوِي
are equal
مِنكُم
among you
مَّنۡ
(those) who
أَنفَقَ
spent
مِن
before
قَبۡلِ
before
ٱلۡفَتۡحِ
the victory
وَقَٰتَلَۚ
and fought
أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ
Those
أَعۡظَمُ
(are) greater
دَرَجَةٗ
(in) degree
مِّنَ
than
ٱلَّذِينَ
those who
أَنفَقُواْ
spent
مِنۢ
afterwards
بَعۡدُ
afterwards
وَقَٰتَلُواْۚ
and fought
وَكُلّٗا
But to all
وَعَدَ
Allah has promised
ٱللَّهُ
Allah has promised
ٱلۡحُسۡنَىٰۚ
the best
وَٱللَّهُ
And Allah
بِمَا
of what
تَعۡمَلُونَ
you do
خَبِيرٞ
(is) All-Aware
Translation
And why do you not spend in the cause of Allāh while to Allāh belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth? Not equal among you are those who spent before the conquest [of Makkah] and fought [and those who did so after it]. Those are greater in degree than they who spent afterwards and fought. But to all Allāh has promised the best [reward]. And Allāh, of what you do, is Aware.
Tafsir
And why should you, after having embraced faith, not (allaa: the noon of an [an-laa] has been assimilated here with the laam of laa) expend in the way of God when to God belongs the heritage of the skies and the earth, with all that they comprise, so that He will [eventually] receive all your wealth but without the reward for having expended [of it for His cause], as opposed to if you had expended and had hence been rewarded. Not equal [to the rest of you] are those of you who expended and fought before the victory, at Mecca. Such are greater in rank than those who expended and fought afterwards. Yet to each, of the two groups (a variant reading [for wa-kullan, 'yet to each'] has nominative wa-kullun as a subject) God has promised the best reward, the Paradise. And God is Aware of what you do, and will requite you for it [accordingly].
Ordering Faith and encouraging spending
Allah the Exalted says,
امِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَأَنفِقُوا مِمَّا جَعَلَكُم مُّسْتَخْلَفِينَ فِيهِ
Believe in Allah and His Messenger, and spend of that whereof He has made you trustees.
Allah the Exalted and Blessed orders having perfect faith in Him and in His Messenger, and that one should persist on this path adhering firmly to it. Allah encourages spending from what He has made mankind trustees of, the wealth that you - mankind - have, that He has lent you. This wealth was in the hands of those before you and was later transferred to you. Therefore, O mankind, spend as Allah commanded you from the wealth that He entrusted to you for His obedience. Otherwise, He will hold you accountable and punish you for your ignoring what He ordained on you in this regard.
Allah's statement,
مِمَّا جَعَلَكُم مُّسْتَخْلَفِينَ فِيهِ
(of that whereof He has made you trustees),
indicates that you - mankind -- will surrender this wealth to someone else. In this case, those who will inherit from you might obey Allah with their wealth, and thus acquire more happiness than you on account of what Allah has granted them. They might disobey Allah, and in this case you will have helped them commit evil and transgression.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin Ash-Shikhkhir said,
I came to Allah's Messenger as he was reciting
مِمَّا جَعَلَكُم مُّسْتَخْلَفِينَ فِيهِ
(abundance diverts you) and saying,
يَقُولُ ابْنُ ادَمَ مَالِي مَالِي وَهَلْ لَكَ مِن مَالِكَ إِلاَّ مَاأَكَلْتَ فَأَفْنَيْتَ أَوْ لَبِسْتَ فَأَبْلَيْتَ أَوْ تَصَدَّقْتَ فَأَمْضَيْتَ
The Son of Adam claims, My wealth, my wealth. But is there anything belonging to you, except that which you consumed, which you used, or which you wore and then it became worn or you gave as charity and sent it forward.
Muslim also collected with the addition:
وَمَا سِوَى ذلِكَ فَذَاهِبٌ وَتَارِكُهُ لِلنَّاس
Other than that, you will go away from it and leave it behind for other people.
Allah's statement,
فَالَّذِينَ امَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَأَنفَقُوا لَهُمْ أَجْرٌ كَبِيرٌ
And such of you as believe and spend, theirs will be a great reward.
encourages having faith and spending in acts of obedience.
Allah the Exalted said
وَمَا لَكُمْ لَا تُوْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ
وَالرَّسُولُ يَدْعُوكُمْ لِتُوْمِنُوا بِرَبِّكُمْ
And what is the matter with you that you believe not in Allah! While the Messenger invites you to believe in your Lord;
meaning,
what prevents you from believing, while the Messenger is among you calling you to faith and bringing forward clear proofs and evidences that affirm the truth of what he brought you?
And we have reported the Hadith through different routes in the beginning of the explanation on the chapter on Faith in Sahih Al-Bukhari, wherein one day the Messenger of Allah said to his Companions,
أَيُّ الْمُوْمِنِينَ أَعْجَبُ إِلَيْكُمْ إِيمَانًا
Who do you consider among the believers as having the most amazing faith?
They said, The angels.
He said,
وَمَا لَهُمْ لَا يُوْمِنُونَ وَهُمْ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ
And what prevents them from believing when they are with their Lord?
They said, Then the Prophets.
He said,
وَمَالَهُمْ لَا يُوْمِنُونَ وَالْوَحْيُ يَنْزِلُ عَلَيْهِمْ
What prevents them from believing when the revelation comes down to them?
They said, Then us.
He said,
وَمَالَكُمْ لَا تُوْمِنُونَ وَأَنَا بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِكُمْ وَلكِنْ أَعْجَبُ الْمُوْمِنِينَ إِيمَانًا قَوْمٌ يَجِييُونَ بَعْدَكُمْ يَجِدُونَ صُحُفًا يُوْمِنُونَ بِمَا فِيهَا
What prevents you from believing, when I am amongst you Actually, the believers who have the most amazing faith, are some people who will come after you; they will find pages that they will believe in.
We mentioned a part of this Hadith when explaining Allah's statement in Surah Al-Baqarah,
الَّذِينَ يُوْمِنُونَ بِالْغَيْبِ
(who believe in the Ghayb (unseen), (2:3)
Allah's statement,
وَقَدْ أَخَذَ مِيثَاقَكُمْ
and He has indeed taken your covenant,
is similar to another of His statements,
وَاذْكُرُواْ نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ وَمِيثَـقَهُ الَّذِى وَاثَقَكُم بِهِ إِذْ قُلْتُمْ سَمِعْنَا وَأَطَعْنَا
And remember Allah's favor to you and His covenant with which He bound you when you said:We hear and we obey. (5:7),
which refers to giving the pledge of allegiance to the Prophet.
Ibn Jarir said that the covenant mentioned here, is that taken from mankind, when they were still in Adam's loin.
This is also the opinion of Mujahid, and Allah knows best.
إِن كُنتُم مُّوْمِنِينَ
if you are real believers.
Allah said
هُوَ الَّذِي يُنَزِّلُ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ ايَاتٍ بَيِّنَاتٍ
It is He Who sends down manifest Ayat to His servant,
clear proofs, unequivocal evidences and plain attestations,
لِيُخْرِجَكُم مِّنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ إِلَى النُّورِ
that He may bring you out from darkness into light.
from the darkness of ignorance, disbelief and contradictory statements to the light of guidance, certainty and faith,
وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُمْ لَرَوُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ
And verily, Allah is to you full of kindness, Most Merciful.
by revealing the Divine Books and sending the Messengers to guide mankind, eradicating doubts and removing confusion. After Allah commanded mankind to first believe and spend, He again encouraged them to acquire faith and stated that He has removed all barriers between them and the acquisition of faith.
Allah again encouraged them to spend
وَمَا لَكُمْ أَلاَّ تُنفِقُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَلِلَّهِ مِيرَاثُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالاَْرْضِ
And what is the matter with you that you spend not in the cause of Allah And to Allah belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth.
means, spend and do not fear poverty or scarcity. Surely, He in Whose cause you spent is the King and Owner of the heavens and earth and has perfect control over their every affair, including their treasuries. He is the Owner of the Throne, with all the might that it contains, and He is the One Who said,
وَمَأ أَنفَقْتُمْ مِّن شَىْءٍ فَهُوَ يُخْلِفُهُ وَهُوَ خَيْرُ الرَّازِقِينَ
And whatsoever you spend of anything, He will replace it. And He is the best of providers. (34:39),
and,
مَا عِندَكُمْ يَنفَدُ وَمَا عِندَ اللَّهِ بَاقٍ
whatever is with you, will be exhausted, and whatever is with Allah will remain. (16:96)
Therefore, those who trust in and depend on Allah will spend, and they will not fear poverty or destitution coming to them from the Owner of the Throne. They know that Allah will surely compensate them for whatever they spend.
The Virtues of spending and fighting before the Conquest of Makkah
Allah's statement,
لَاا يَسْتَوِي مِنكُم مَّنْ أَنفَقَ مِن قَبْلِ الْفَتْحِ وَقَاتَلَ
Not equal among you are those who spent before the conquering and fought.
meaning those who did not fight and spend before the Conquest are not equal to those who spent and fought.
Before Makkah was conquered, things were difficult for Muslims and only the righteous ones embraced Islam. After Makkah was conquered, Islam spread tremendously throughout the known world and people embraced the religion of Allah en masse.
Similarly He said:
أُوْلَيِكَ أَعْظَمُ دَرَجَةً مِّنَ الَّذِينَ أَنفَقُوا مِن بَعْدُ وَقَاتَلُوا وَكُلًّ وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الْحُسْنَى
Such are higher in degree than those who spent and fought afterwards. But to all Allah has promised the best (reward).
The majority considers the Conquest here to be the conquest of Makkah.
Ash-Sha`bi and several others said that the Ayah refers to the treaty at Al-Hudaybiyyah. There is proof for this opinion found in a Hadith from Anas, collected by Imam Ahmad. Anas said,
Khalid bin Al-Walid and Abdur-Rahman bin Awf had a dispute. Khalid said to Abdur-Rahman, You boast about days (battles) that you participated in before us.'
When the news of this statement reached the Prophet he said,
دَعُوا لِي أَصْحَابِي فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَوْ أَنْفَقْتُمْ مِثْلَ أُحُدٍ أَوْ مِثْلَ الْجِبَالِ ذَهَبًا مَا بَلَغْتُمْ أَعْمَالَهُم
Do not bother my Companions, for by He in Whose Hand is my soul! If you spend an amount of gold equal to (Mount) Uhud, (or equal to the mountains), you will not reach the level of their actions.
It is a known fact that Khalid bin Al-Walid, whom the Prophet addressed this statement to, embraced Islam during the period between the treaty of Al-Hudaybiyyah and the conquering of Makkah.
The dispute between Khalid and Abdur-Rahman occurred because of the battle of Bani Jadhimah. The Prophet sent Khalid bin Al-Walid to them after the conquest of Makkah, and they said, Saba'na, instead of saying, Aslamna (we embraced Islam). So Khalid ordered their execution and the execution of their prisoners (of war); Abdur-Rahman bin Awf and Abdullah bin Umar opposed him. This is the reason behind the dispute that occurred between Khalid and Abdur-Rahman. But in the Sahih, the Messenger of Allah said,
لَاا تَسُبُّوا أَصْحَابِي فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَوْ أَنْفَقَ أَحَدُكُمْ مِثْلَ أُحُدٍ ذَهَبًا مَا بَلَغَ مُدَّ أَحَدِهِمْ وَلَاا نَصِيفَه
None should revile my Companions, for by He in Whose Hand is my soul! If one of you were to spend as much gold as Uhud, it would not reach the level of them equal to an amount as much as one Mudd of one of them or half of it.
Allah said,
وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الْحُسْنَى
But to all Allah has promised the best (reward).
meaning, those who spent before and after the conquest of Makkah; they all will gain a reward for their good deeds, even though some of them vary in rank and earn a better reward than others as Allah said,
لااَّ يَسْتَوِى الْقَـعِدُونَ مِنَ الْمُوْمِنِينَ غَيْرُ أُوْلِى الضَّرَرِ وَالْمُجَـهِدُونَ فِى سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ بِأَمْوَلِهِمْ وَأَنفُسِهِمْ فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ الْمُجَـهِدِينَ بِأَمْوَلِهِمْ وَأَنفُسِهِمْ عَلَى الْقَـعِدِينَ دَرَجَةً وَكُـلاًّ وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الْحُسْنَى وَفَضَّلَ اللَّهُ الْمُجَـهِدِينَ عَلَى الْقَـعِدِينَ أَجْراً عَظِيماً
Not equal are those of the believers who sit (at home), except those who are disabled, and those who strive hard and fight in the cause of Allah with their wealth and their lives. Allah has preferred in grades those who strive hard and fight with their wealth and their lives above those who sit (at home). Unto each, Allah has promised good, but Allah has preferred by a great reward those who strive hard and fight, above those who sit (at home). (4:95)
There is a Hadith in the Sahih that states,
الْمُوْمِنُ الْقَوِيُّ خَيْرٌ وَأَحَبُّ إِلَى اللهِ مِنَ الْمُوْمِنِ الضَّعِيفِ وَفِي كُلَ خَيْر
The strong believer is better and more beloved to Allah than the weak believer; both have goodness in them.
The Prophet ended his statement this way to draw attention to the second type of believer, so that their own qualities are not forgotten in the midst of preferring the former type. In this way, the latter is not dismissed as being degraded in the Hadith. Therefore, the Prophet ended his statement by praising the second type -- the weak believers -- after giving preference to the first type.
Allah said:
وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ
And Allah is All-Aware of what you do.
meaning, since Allah is perfectly aware of all things, He made distinctions between the rewards of the believers who spent and fought before the Conquest and those who spent and fought afterwards. Surely, Allah does this by His knowledge of the intention of the former type and their perfect sincerity to Him, all the while spending in times of hardship, poverty and dire straits.
This is found in the Hadith,
سَبَقَ دِرْهَمٌ مِايَةَ أَلْف
Spending one Dirham is preceded over a hundred thousand.
There is no doubt that the people of faith consider Abu Bakr As-Siddiq to be the person who has the best share according to the meaning of this Ayah. He was the chief of those who implemented it, among all followers of all Prophets. He spent all of his wealth seeking the Face of Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored. He did it voluntarily too, not to repay a debt or a favor that anyone from mankind had on him. May Allah be pleased with him.
The Encouragement to make a Handsome Loan in the Cause of Allah
Allah said
مَن ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا
Who is he that will lend Allah a handsome loan?
Umar bin Al-Khattab said that this Ayah refers to spending in Allah's cause.
It was also said that it pertains to spending on children.
What is correct is that it is more general than that. So all those who spend in the cause of Allah with good intentions and a sincere heart, then they fall under the generality of this Ayah. This is why Allah the Exalted said:
مَّن ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا فَيُضَاعِفَهُ لَهُ
Who is he that will lend Allah handsome loan:then (Allah) will increase it manifold to his credit (in repaying), and in another Ayah,
أَضْعَافًا كَثِيرَةً
(many times) (2:245),
meaning, being handsome reward and tremendous provisions:Paradise on the Day of Resurrection.
Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Abdullah bin Masud said,
When this Ayah,
مَّن ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا فَيُضَاعِفَهُ لَهُ
(Who is he that will lend Allah handsome loan:then (Allah) will increase it manifold to his credit (in repaying),) was revealed, Abu Ad-Dahdah Al-Ansari said, `O Allah's Messenger! Does Allah ask us for a loan' The Prophet said,
Yes, O Abu Ad-Dahdah.
He said, `Give me your hand, O Allah's Messenger,'
and the Prophet placed his hand in his hand.
Abu Ad-Dahdah said, `Verily, I have given my garden as a loan to my Lord.'
He had a garden that contained six hundred date trees; his wife and children were living in that garden too.
Abu Ad-Dahdah went to his wife and called her, Umm Ad-Dahdah!'
She said, `Here I am.'
He said, `Leave the garden, because I have given it as a loan to my Lord, the Exalted and Most Honored.'
She said, `That is a successful trade, O Abu Ad-Dahdah!'
She then transferred her goods and children.
The Messenger of Allah said,
كَمْ مِنْ عَذْقٍ رَدَاحٍ فِي الْجَنَّةِ لاَِبِي الدَّحْدَاح
How plentiful are the sweet date clusters that Abu Ad-Dahdah has in Paradise!
In another narration, the Prophet said,
رُبَّ نَخْلَةٍ مُدَلاَّةٍ عُرُوقُهَا دُرٌّ وَيَاقُوتٌ لاَِبِي الدَّحْدَاحِ فِي الْجَنَّة
How many a date tree that has lowered down its clusters, which are full of pearls and gems in Paradise for Abu Ad-Dahdah!
وَلَهُ أَجْرٌ كَرِيمٌ
and he will have a honorable reward.
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وَلِلَّـهِ مِيرَاثُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ (...while to Allah belongs the inheritance of the heavens and the earth?....57:10) The word mirath [ inheritance, heritage ] is the process by which the assets of a deceased person pass to the living heirs and beneficiaries. This transfer of ownership takes place automatically by virtue of the law of Shari` ah; the deceased has no choice in the matter. On this occasion, Allah has described the ownership of heaven and earth by the expression mirath [ inheritance, heritage ] presumably because all those assets deemed to be owned by men will ultimately return to Allah, no matter whether men like it or not. Although the Real Owner and Master of the heavens and the earth is Allah, He transferred part-ownership of things to man by His grace, but on the Day of Judgment, even this outward and partial ownership will no longer remain in the hands of anyone. At that stage, all sorts of ownership, apparent and real, outward and inward, will belong to none but Allah. Therefore, if those who are apparently owners of some wealth today spend it in Allah's way, they will receive its compensation in the Hereafter, and thus anything spent in the way of Allah will become the eternal property of the spender.
It is recorded in Tirmidhi on the authority of Sayyidah 'A'ishah ؓ that one day a goat was slaughtered. Most of it was distributed among other people, except for a foreleg. The Holy Prophet ﷺ wanted to know from her whether any part of it was spared from distribution. She said 'yes, a foreleg'. The Holy Prophet ﷺ said, "The entire goat is spared, except this foreleg." He meant that the entire goat was spent in the way of Allah and thus it was spared for their benefit in the Hereafter, because it would remain with Allah for compensation. On the contrary, there would be no compensation for the foreleg that had been kept for later use, because that would perish here. [ Mazhari ]
لَا يَسْتَوِي مِنكُم مَّنْ أَنفَقَ مِن قَبْلِ الْفَتْحِ وَقَاتَلَ (...Those who spent before the Conquest [ of Makkah ], and fought [ in Allah's way ], are not at par [ with others ]…10) It means that there are two types of people who spend wealth in the way of Allah: [ 1] those who embraced Islam before the victory of Makkah and, being believers, spent their wealth in the cause of Allah; [ 2] those who participated in jihad after the conquest of Makkah and spent their wealth in Allah's way. The two types are not equal in the sight of Allah. They differ in status and reward. The first category is described as higher in status and reward than the second category who will receive reward commensurate with their status.
Conquest of Makkah: The Dividing Line in Determining the Status of the noble Companions ؓ
The verse declares the Conquest of Makkah as the dividing line in determining the status of the two categories of the noble Companions ؓ ، presumably because the political conditions of Makkah before the Conquest were very bleak and difficult for Muslims. In terms of extrinsic causes, the survival of Muslims was threatened and their progress was doubted. The people at large could not rule out the possibility that, like other movements, Islam would soon erode and suffer a natural attrition or death. Wise men of the world would not join a movement where there was a fear of defeat or annihilation. They wait for results. When the movement shows signs of success, they join it. Some people, though think that it is the truth, do not pluck courage to join it for fear of persecution and on account of their own weaknesses. But when the courageous and determined people are convinced about the veracity of a theory or belief system, they accept it instantly. They do not bother about victory or defeat, and smaller or larger membership of the movement does not concern them.
The people, who embraced Islam before conquest of Makkah, were witnessing the small number and political weakness of the Muslims and the consequent hardships. Muslims were very small in number and they were weak, on account of which the pagans persecuted them. Especially in the early days of Islam, disclosing one's faith in Islam would amount to losing his life, hearth and home. It is obvious that those who put their lives at stake by embracing Islam in such circumstances, and offered their lives and wealth for the help of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and for the service of Islam had such a high level of sincerity in their faith and practice that no other people can be compared to them.
Gradually, conditions changed. Muslims grew in power, so much so that eventually Makkah was conquered, after which Islam spread tremendously throughout the Arab world, people embraced the religion of Allah en masse [ as the Qur'an says: يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّـهِ أَفْوَاجًا (...people entering Allah's [ approved ] religion in multitudes) [ 110:2] This happened because many people were convinced of the veracity of Islam, but reluctant to embrace it publicly on account of their own weaknesses, owing to the might and power of the opposition and for fear of their persecution. These hurdles were now out of their way, and they started entering the fold of Islam in multitudes.
Although such people too are shown respect and honour by this verse, and forgiveness and mercy is promised to them, it has been made clear that their status cannot be equal to those who, due to their unshaken faith and resolute courage, declared their Islam despite all apprehensions of extreme hardships and persecution, and offered themselves to Islam in very difficult times.
Allah promises Paradise and Forgiveness to all Noble Sahabah ؓ
In the current set of verses, a distinction is drawn between the different categories of the noble Sahabah (Companions ؓ of the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، but towards the end of verse 10 it is declared that وَكُلًّا وَعَدَ اللَّـهُ الْحُسْنَىٰ (...though Allah has promised the good [ reward ] for each ....57:10). The word husna [ good reward ] means that the promise of Paradise and forgiveness extends to all the noble Companions ؓ ، whether they spent and fought before or after the Conquest. This includes almost the entire concourse of Companions ؓ ، because it is hardly conceivable that, despite being Muslims, some of them might have not spent anything in Allah's way or not participated against the hostile foes of Islam. Thus the Qur'anic proclamation of Paradise and forgiveness is for the general body of Companions ؓ .
Ibn Hazm (رح) says that the meaning of verse [ 10] becomes even clearer when we append to it verses [ 101-102] of Surah Al-Anbiya': إِنَّ الَّذِينَ سَبَقَتْ لَهُم مِّنَّا الْحُسْنَىٰ أُولَـٰئِكَ عَنْهَا مُبْعَدُونَ لَا يَسْمَعُونَ حَسِيسَهَا ۖ وَهُمْ فِي مَا اشْتَهَتْ أَنفُسُهُمْ خَالِدُونَ (Surely, those for whom the good (news) from Us has come earlier shall be kept far away from it (i.e. from the Hell). They will not hear the slightest of its sound, and they will remain forever in what their selves desire.) [ 21:101-102].
The verses under comment contain the phrase كُلًّا وَعَدَ اللَّـهُ الْحُسْنَىٰ (..though Allah has promised the good (reward) for each ...[ 57:10] In verses [ 21:101-102], Allah Ta’ ala proclaims that those who have received the good news of reward [ al-husna ] will be kept far away from Hell. The Qur'an thus guarantees that all the Companions ؓ ، whether from the first category or from the second one, are immune from Hell. Even if someone from them would commit a sin, he will not persist in it, but he will either repent from it, or will be forgiven for it because of the blessed company of the Holy Prophet ﷺ he enjoyed, his help offered to him, the good deeds he performed and many services he rendered to Islam. Therefore, he would not leave this world unless his sins would be forgiven and his account of deeds would have been clear. It is also possible that worldly calamities would serve as an expiation to wipe out his shortcomings or painful experience in the grave or ` Alam-ul-barzakh will expiate his faults.
There are Traditions that report torment for some of the noble Companions, but that does not refer to the torture of the Hereafter or punishment of the Hell. It refers to the chastisement of the grave or ` Alam-ul-barzakh. It would not be far-fetched to assume that if a Companion committed a sin and did not find an opportunity to repent and cleanse himself, he would be purified by infliction of the grave, so that no chastisement will be inflicted on him in the Hereafter.
The Status of the Noble Sahabah ؓ in the light of Qur’ an and Sunnah, not in terms of Historical Narratives
The Noble Sahabah are not like the general body of the Muslim Community. They are a medium between the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the general body of the Muslim Community. Without them neither the Qur'an nor its meaning or the teachings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ can reach the Ummah. Therefore, they enjoy a special status in Islam. The status of the blessed Companions ؓ cannot be recognized by the historical narrations that are a mixture of right and wrong. It is rather recognized in the light of Qur'an and Sunnah.
If any of them slips up, in most cases it would not exceed a khata' ijtihadi or error in judgment, not a sin or willful transgression of law. In fact, according to the clear text of a Prophetic Tradition, if a mujtahid were to slip up or err in his judgment, he still receives one reward. Even if they committed a sin, it would be counted as nil in view of their life-long righteous deeds, and supporting the Holy Prophet ﷺ and Islam. The reverence and awe of Allah was engrossed in their hearts to such a high degree that they would shudder at the very thought of ordinary sins and would repent forthwith. As a result, they would inflict punishment on themselves. Some would tie themselves to the column of the mosque, and as long as they are not certain that their sins would be forgiven they would remain tied.
In addition, each one of them performed so many righteous deeds that they could expiate for their sins. Moreover, Allah has announced a general amnesty for their sins in this and other verses. He not only pardoned their sins, but also proclaimed رَّضِيَ اللَّـهُ عَنْهُمْ وَرَضُوا عَنْهُ (Allah is well-pleased with them, and they are well-pleased with Him. 98:8). It is absolutely forbidden to speak ill of them or taunt them or revile them because of their mutual differences and disagreements. According to a Prophetic Tradition, doing so is incurring Allah's curse and putting one's own faith in jeopardy.
Nowadays, on the basis of false and weak historical narratives some writers have made the noble and blessed Companions the target of taunts and reproach. First of all, the basis on which the historical narratives are founded are unreliable and questionable. Even if it is taken for granted that they have some historical substance, they are clearly in conflict with Qur'an and Sunnah. Hence, they must be refuted in the strongest terms possible. The original statement stands: The noble and blessed Companions ؓ are forgiven and pardoned.
Unanimous Belief of the Ummah regarding the Noble Sahabah ؓ
It is obligatory on Muslims to show respect and honour to all the Companions ؓ ، to love them and praise them. It is likewise imperative to observe silence regarding their mutual differences and disagreements. It is compulsory to abstain from making any of them the target of accusations and reproach. All texts of Islamic beliefs make plain this consensual belief of the Ummah. Imam Ahmad (رح) has written a monograph on the subject which reached us on the authority of Istakhri. A section of it partly reads:
لَا یَجُوزُ لِاَحَدٍ ان یَّذکُرَ شَیٔاً مِّن مَّسَاویھم وَلَا یَطعَنُ عَلٰی اَحَدٍ مَّنھُم بِعَیبٍ وَلَا نَقصٍ فَمَن فَعَلَ ذٰلِکَ وَجَبَ تَادِیبُہ،۔
"It is not lawful for anyone to speak ill of the Companions, or cast aspersions against them, or find fault with them. Whoever does so should be punished." [ Shark-ul-` Aqidah Al-Wasitiyyah, known as Ad-Durrah A1-Mudi'ah ]
Ibn Taimiyyah in his As-Sam-ul-Maslul has cited many verses of the Qur'an and Prophetic Traditions regarding the virtues and characteristics of the noble Companions ؓ ، after which he concludes:
وَھٰذَا مِمَّا لَا نَعلَمُ فِیہِ خِلَافاً بَینَ اَھلِ الفِقہِ وَالعِلمِ مِن اَصحَابِ رَسُولِ اللہ ﷺ وَالتَّابِعِینَ لَھُم بِاِحسَانٍ وَسَایٔرِ اَھلِ السُّنَّۃِ وِالجَمَاعَۃِ فَاِنَّھُم مُجمِعُون عَلٰی اَنَّ الوَاجِبَ الثَّنَاُء علَیھِم وَالاِستِغفَار لَھُم وَ التَّرحُّمُ عَلَیھِم وَ التَّرَتضِّی عَنھُم وَ اعتِقَادُ مَحَبَتَّھِم وَ مَوالَاتِھِم وَ عَقُوبَۃُ مَن اَسَاَء فِیھِمُ القُول۔
"As far as we know, there is no difference of opinion in this issue among the scholars and the jurists from Companions and their followers, and the Ahl-us-sunnah wal-jama'ah. There is consensus of the Ummah that it is imperative to praise the Companions, to seek forgiveness for them, to remember them with compassion and pleasure, and to express love and friendship for them. Anyone who dishonours them should be punished."
Ibn Taimiyyah confirms, in Sharh-ul-` Aqidah Al-Wasitiyyah, the consensual belief of the Ahl-us-sunnah wal-jama'ah of the entire Ummah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ relating to the mutual disagreement of the Companions ؓ :
وَیُمسِکُونَ عَمَّا شَجَرَ بَینَ الصَّحَابَۃِ وَیَقُولُونَ ھٰذِہِ الاٰثَارُ المَروِیَّۃُ فِی مَسَاوِیھِم مَنھَا مَا ھُوَ کِذبٌ وَّ مَنھِا مَازِیدَ فِیھَا وَ نُقِصَ وَغُیِّرَ وَجھُہ وَ الصَّحِیحُ مِنہُ ھُم فِیہِ مَعذورُونَ اَمَّا مُجتَھِدُونَ مُصِیبُونَ وَ اما مُجتَھِدُونَ مُخَطِٔؤنَ ، وَھُم مَعَ ذلِکَ لَا یَعتَقِدُونَ اَنَّ کُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مَّنَ الصَّحَابَۃِ مَعصُومٌ مِّن کَبَایٔرِ الاِثمِ وَصَغَایٔرِہٖ بَل یَجُوزُ عَلَیھِمُ الذُّنُوبُ فِی الجُملَۃِ وَلَھُم مِّنَ الفَضَایٔلِ وَالسَّوَابِقِ مَا یُوجِبُ مَغفِرَۃً مَا یَصدُرُ مِنھُم حَتّٰی اَنَّھُم یُغفَرُلَھُم مِّنَ السَّیِّٔاتِ مَالَا یُغفِرُ لِمَن م بَعدَھُم۔
'Ahl-us-sunnah wal jama` ah observe silence relating to matters in which the noble Companions ؓ mutually disagreed. According to them, the position of the narratives that find fault with them may be summarized as follows: Some of them are absolutely false whilst others have been distorted or perverted. Reports that are authentic have a plausible explanation, (because they did what they did on the basis of 'ijtihad' which Shari'ah recognizes). If they reached the right conclusion (by exercising reasoning), they would be rewarded doubly; and if they arrived at an incorrect conclusion (by exerting effort to derive the law on an issue by expending all the available means of interpreting at the jurist's disposal and by taking into account all the legal evidences related to the issue,) they are still excused (and deserve a single reward). Despite this situation, the Ummah does not believe that every Companion is innocent, infallible or sinless. In fact, it is possible for them to commit sins - major or minor, but their virtues and great services to Islam are such that they demand forgiveness. The scope of their forgiveness and pardon would be so wide that the later members of the Ummah would not have such a wide scope."
A detailed account of the status of the sahabah is given in Surah Al-Fath under verse [ 29]. I have written a book entitled maqam-e-sahabah in which I have collected relevant Qur'anic verses and Prophetic Traditions pertaining to the status of the Companions. This book has already been published. The Ummah is unanimous on the point that all the blessed Companions ؓ are impartial, unbiased, reliable and worthy of confidence. The book deals elaborately with their disagreements and the civil wars that took place among them. It deals with the status of the historical narratives and their true place in critical study. Some of these issues to the degree necessary have been included in the commentary of Surah Muhammad and Surah Al-Fath. Please refer to the relevant sections there. Allah's help is sought and on Him is our reliance!
Not yet available. It requires resources to add this interpretation.
Tafsir Surat Al-Hadid: 7-11
Berimanlah kamu kepada Allah dan Rasul-Nya dan nafkahkanlah sebagian dari hartamu yang Allah telah menjadikan kamu menguasainya. Maka orang-orang yang beriman di antara kamu dan menafkahkan (sebagian) dari hartanya memperoleh pahala yang besar. Dan mengapa kamu tidak beriman kepada Allah, padahal Rasul menyeru kamu supaya kamu beriman kepada Tuhanmu. Dan sesungguhnya Dia telah mengambil perjanjianmu jika kamu adalah orang-orang yang beriman.
Dialah yang menurunkan kepada hamba-Nya ayat-ayat yang terang (Al-Qur'an) supaya Dia mengeluarkan kamu dari kegelapan kepada cahaya. Dan sesungguhnya Allah benar-benar Maha Penyantun lagi Maha Penyayang terhadapmu. Dan mengapa kamu tidak menafkahkan (sebagian hartamu) pada jalan Allah, padahal Allah-lah yang mempusakai (mempunyai) langit dan bumi? Tidak sama di antara kamu orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sebelum penaklukan (Mekah). Mereka lebih tinggi derajatnya daripada orang-orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sesudah itu. Allah menjanjikan kepada masing-masing mereka (balasan) yang lebih baik. Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan. Siapakah yang mau meminjamkan kepada Allah pinjaman yang baik, maka Allah akan melipatgandakan (balasan) pinjaman itu untuknya, dan dia akan memperoleh pahala yang banyak.
Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala memerintahkan kepada manusia agar beriman kepada-Nya dan kepada Rasul-Nya dengan iman yang sempurna, terus-menerus, lagi teguh dan kokoh. Dan Allah menganjurkan kepada kalian untuk membelanjakan hartamu yang telah dijadikan oleh Allah kepadamu sebagai pengganti-Nya dalam mengelolanya. Yakni harta itu yang ada pada kalian merupakan pinjaman dari Allah, karena sesungguhnya pada asal mulanya berada di tangan orang-orang sebelum kalian, lalu beralih ke tangan kalian. Maka Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala memberi petunjuk kepada kalian agar menggunakan harta yang dititipkan kepadamu untuk dibelanjakan pada jalan ketaatan kepada-Nya. Jika mereka mau mengerjakan hal ini, maka manfaatnya bagi mereka; dan jika tidak, maka perhitungan mereka berada pada-Nya dan Dia kelak akan menghukum mereka karena meninggalkan kewajiban-kewajiban mereka pada hartanya.
Firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: yang Allah telah menjadikan kamu menguasainya. (Al-Hadid: 7) Di dalam ayat ini terkandung isyarat yang menunjukkan bahwa kelak harta itu pada akhirnya akan ditinggalkan juga olehmu. Dan beruntunglah jika ahli warismu menggunakannya untuk jalan ketaatan kepada Allah. Dengan demikian, berarti ahli warismu lebih beruntung daripada kamu dengan apa yang telah diberikan oleh Allah kepadanya. Tetapi bila ahli warismu menggunakan harta yang diwarisnya darimu untuk tujuan durhaka kepada Allah, berarti kamu telah membantunya untuk berbuat dosa dan kedurhakaan.
[:1] Imam Ahmad mengatakan, telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad ibnu Ja'far, telah menceritakan kepada kami Syu'bah, bahwa ia pernah mendengar Qatadah menceritakan dari Mutarrif ibnu Abdullah ibnusy Syikhkhir, dari ayahnya yang telah menceritakan bahwa ketika ia sampai kepada Rasulullah ﷺ, ia dengar Rasulullah ﷺ sedang bersabda: Bermegah-megahan telah melalaikan kamu; anak Adam berkata, "Hartaku, hartaku!" Padahal tidak ada bagimu dari hartamu kecuali apa yang kamu makan, lalu lenyap; atau yang kamu pakai, lalu rusak; atau yang kamu sedekahkan, maka kamu teruskan.
Imam Muslim meriwayatkannya melalui Syu'bah dengan sanad yang sama, dan dalam riwayatnya ditambahkan: Dan adapun yang selain itu, maka lenyap dan ditinggalkannya untuk orang lain. Firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Maka orang-orang yang beriman di antara kamu dan menafkahkan (sebagian) dari hartanya memperoleh pahala yang besar. (Al-Hadid: 7) Ini mengandung anjuran untuk beriman dan membelanjakan harta untuk jalan ketaatan. Kemudian Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala berfirman: Dan mengapa kamu tidak beriman kepada Allah, padahal Rasul menyeru kamu supaya kamu beriman kepada Tuhanmu. (Al-Hadid: 8) Yakni faktor apakah yang menghalang-halangi kamu untuk beriman, padahal Rasul ada di antara kamu yang menyeru kamu ke arah itu, dan menjelaskan kepada kamu alasan-alasan dan bukti-bukti yang membenarkan apa yang dia sampaikan kepadamu.
Telah diriwayatkan pula kepada kami sebuah hadits yang diriwayatkan melalui berbagai jalur dalam permulaan Syarah Kitabul Iman dari kitab Shahih Al-Bukhari, bahwa pada suatu hari Rasulullah ﷺ telah bersabda kepada para sahabatnya: "Orang mukmin manakah yang imannya paling kalian kagumi? Mereka menjawab, "Para malaikat. Nabi ﷺ bersabda, "Dan mengapa mereka tidak beriman, sedangkan mereka berada di sisi Tuhan mereka. Mereka berkata, "Kalau begitu, para nabi. Nabi ﷺ menjawab, "Mengapa mereka tidak beriman, sedangkan wahyu diturunkan kepada mereka? Mereka berkata, "Kalau begitu, kami. Nabi ﷺ bersabda, "Mengapa kamu tidak beriman, sedangkan aku berada di antara kalian? Tetapi orang mukmin yang paling menakjubkan keimanannya ialah suatu kaum yang datang sesudah kalian; mereka hanya menjumpai lembaran-lembaran (mushaf), lalu mereka beriman dengan semua yang terkandung di dalamnya.
Kami telah menyebutkan sebagian dari masalah ini di dalam permulaan tafsir surat Al-Baqarah, yaitu pada firman-Nya: (yaitu) mereka yang beriman kepada yang gaib. (Al-Baqarah: 3) Adapun firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Dan sesungguhnya Dia telah mengambil perjanjianmu. (Al-Hadid: 8) Semakna dengan apa yang disebutkan oleh firman-Nya: Dan ingatlah karunia Allah kepadamu dan perjanjian-Nya yang telah diikat-Nya dengan kamu, ketika kamu mengatakan, "Kami dengar dan kami taati. (Al-Maidah: 7) Yakni baiat (janji setia) mereka kepada Rasulullah ﷺ Tetapi Ibnu Jarir mempunyai dugaan bahwa makna yang dimaksud dengan perjanjian ini adalah yang diambil dari mereka saat mereka masih berada di dalam sulbi Adam; dan ini menurut pendapat Mujahid, hanya Allah-lah Yang Maha Mengetahui.
Firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Dialah yang menurunkan kepada hamba-Nya ayat-ayat yang terang (Al-Qur'an). (Al-Hadid: 9) Yaitu alasan-alasan yang jelas, dalil-dalil yang cemerlang, dan bukti-bukti yang akurat. supaya Dia mengeluarkan kamu dari kegelapan kepada cahaya. (Al-Hadid: 9) Yakni dari kegelapan kebodohan, kekufuran, dan pendapat-pendapat yang bertentangan kepada cahaya petunjuk, keyakinan, dan keimanan. Dan sesungguhnya Allah benar-benar Maha Penyantun lagi Maha Penyayang terhadapmu. (Al-Hadid: 9) Maka Dia menurunkan kitab-kitab dan mengutus rasul-rasul untuk memberi petunjuk kepada manusia dan melenyapkan semua penyakit dan semua keraguan.
Dan setelah memerintahkan mereka untuk beriman serta membelanjakan harta di jalan Allah, kemudian Allah kembali menganjurkan mereka kepada keimanan dan menjelaskan bahwa semua yang menghambat mereka untuk beriman telah dilenyapkan, sebagaimana dianjurkan pula untuk berinfak. Untuk itu Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala berfirman: Dan mengapa kamu tidak menafkahkan (sebagian hartamu) pada jalan Allah, padahal Allah-lah yang mempusakai (mempunyai) langit dan bumi? (Al-Hadid: 10) Yaitu berinfaklah dan janganlah kamu takut jatuh miskin dan kekurangan karena sesungguhnya Tuhan yang kamu berinfak di jalan-Nya adalah Yang memiliki langit dan bumi dan di tangan kekuasaan-Nyalah keduanya dikendalikan, dan di sisi-Nyalah semua perbendaharaan keduanya.
Dialah Yang memiliki 'Arasy dengan semua yang dikandungnya, dan Dia pulalah yang berfirman: Dan barang apa saja yang kamu nafkahkan, maka Allah akan menggantinya dan Dialah Pemberi rezeki yang sebaik-baiknya. (Saba':39) Dan firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Apa yang di sisimu akan lenyap, dan apa yang ada di sisi Allah adalah kekal. (An-Nahl: 96) Maka barang siapa yang bertawakal kepada Allah, niscaya dia wajib berinfak dan tidak merasa takut akan kekurangan demi melaksanakan perintah Tuhan Yang mempunyai 'Arasy, dan ia merasa yakin bahwa Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala pasti akan memberikan gantinya.
Firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Tidak sama di antara kamu orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sebelum penaklukan (Mekah). (Al-Hadid: 10) Yakni tidaklah sama orang tersebut dan orang yang tidak berbuat seperti dia, karena dalam masa sebelum penaklukan Mekah keadaannya sangatlah berat. Pada masa itu tidaklah beriman kecuali hanya orang-orang yang berpredikatsiddiqin. Lain halnya sesudah masa penaklukan Mekah, karena Islam telah menang dan pengaruhnya sangat besar lagi luas serta manusia mulai masuk ke dalam agama Allah secara berbondong-bondong.
Karena itulah maka disebutkan dalam firman berikutnya: Mereka lebih tinggi derajatnya daripada orang-orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sesudah itu. Allah menjanjikan kepada masing-masing mereka (balasan) yang lebih baik (Al-Hadid: 10) Jumhur ulama berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud dengan al-fath ialah penaklukan kota Mekah dan jatuh ke tangan kaum muslim. Tetapi menurut riwayat yang bersumber dari Asy-Sya'bi dan lain-lainnya, makna yang dimaksud ialah Perjanjian Hudaibiyah. Dan barangkali pendapat yang demikian berdalilkan dengan sebuah hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam Ahmad, yaitu: telah menceritakan kepada kami Ahmad ibnu Abdul Malik, telah menceritakan kepada kami Zuhair, telah menceritakan kepada kami Humaid At-Tawil, dari Anas yang mengatakan bahwa pernah terjadi perdebatan antara Khalid ibnul Walid dan Abdur Rahman ibnu Auf.
Khalid berkata kepada Abdur Rahman, "Kamu mempunyai pengaruh atas kami berkat hari-hari yang kamu lebih mendahuluinya daripada kami." Kemudian hal tersebut diceritakan kepada Nabi ﷺ Maka beliau ﷺ bersabda: Biarkanlah aku dan sahabat-sahabatku, demi Tuhan yang jiwaku berada di dalam genggaman-Nya, seandainya kamu berinfak sebanyak seperti Bukit Uhud atau seperti gunung berupa emas, maka kamu tetap masih belum dapat mencapai amal perbuatan mereka (para sahabatku yang terdahulu masuk Islamnya). Dan telah dimaklumi bahwa masuk Islamnya Khalid yang menjadi lawan bicara hadits ini adalah di masa antara Perjanjian Hudaibiyah dan penaklukan kota Mekah.
Pertengkaran yang terjadi di antara keduanya ialah di tempat Bani Juzaimah, yang Rasulullah ﷺ mengutus Khalid ibnul Walid bersama sejumlah pasukan kaum muslim kepada mereka sesudah jatuhnya Mekah ke tangan kaum muslim. Dan ketika mereka kedatangan Khalid bersama pasukannya, mereka mengatakan, "Sabana, saba-na (kami masuk agama baru, kami masuk agama baru)." Mereka tidak pandai mengucapkan, "Kami masuk Islam, kami masuk Islam," padahal yang mereka maksudkan adalah Islam. Maka Khalid memerintahkan kepada pasukannya untuk memerangi mereka, dan menghukum mati sebagian dari mereka yang tertawan.
Sikap Khalid yang demikian itu ditentang oleh Abdur Rahman ibnu Auf dan Abdullah ibnu Umar serta sahabat lainnya; maka bertengkarlah antara Khalid dan Abdur Rahman dalam masalah tersebut. Tetapi menurut apa yang terdapat di dalam kitab shahih disebutkan dari Rasulullah ﷺ, bahwa beliau ﷺ pernah bersabda: Janganlah kamu mencaci sahabat-sahabatku, maka demi Tuhan yang jiwaku berada di dalam genggaman-Nya, seandainya seseorang dari kamu menginfakkan emas sebanyak Bukit Uhud, niscaya hal itu masih belum dapat menyamai satu mud (kati) mereka dan tidak pula separonya.
Ibnu Jarir dan Ibnu Abu Hatim telah meriwayatkan melalui hadits Ibnu Wahb, bahwa telah menceritakan kepada kami Hisyam ibnu Sa'd, dari Zaid ibnu Aslam, dari ‘Atha’ ibnu Yasar, dari Abu Sa'id Al-Khudri yang menceritakan bahwa kami keluar (dari Madinah) bersama Rasulullah ﷺ di tahun Hudaibiyah, hingga manakala kami sampai di Asfan, Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda: Sudah dekat masanya kedatangan suatu kaum yang kamu pandang kecil amalmu bila dibandingkan dengan amal mereka. Maka kami bertanya, "Wahai Rasulullah, siapakah mereka itu? Apakah dari kalangan Quraisy?" Rasulullah ﷺ menjawab: Bukan, tetapi mereka adalah penduduk Yaman, mereka mempunyai perasaan dan hati yang lebih lembut (daripada kamu). Kami bertanya, "Apakah mereka lebih baik daripada kami, wahai Rasulullah?" Rasulullah ﷺ menjawab: Seandainya seseorang dari mereka mempunyai gunung emas, lalu mereka infakkan semuanya, maka hal itu masih belum mencapai satu mud seseorang dari kamu dan tidak pula separonya; hanya itulah keutamaan yang membedakan antara kita dan orang-orang lain.
Tidak sama di antara kamu orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sebelum penaklukan (Mekah). Mereka lebih tinggi derajatnya daripada orang-orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sesudah itu. Allah menjanjikan kepada masing-masing mereka (balasan) yang lebih baik. Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan. (Al-Hadid: 10) Konteks hadits ini berpredikat gharib, karena yang disebutkan di dalam kitab Shahihain melalui riwayat Jamaah dari ‘Atha’ ibnu Yasar, dari Abu Sa'id konteks ini berkaitan dengan kisah orang-orang Khawarij (yang akan muncul sesudah itu). Bunyinya: "Kamu menganggap kecil salatmu bila dibandingkan dengan shalat mereka dan juga puasa kamu bila dibandingkan dengan puasa mereka; mereka keluar dari agama sebagaimana anak panah yang menembus sasarannya," hingga akhir hadits.
Tetapi Ibnu Jarir telah meriwayatkan hadits ini melalui jalur lain, untuk itu ia menceritakan bahwa: telah menceritakan kepadaku Ibnul Burqi, telah menceritakan kepada kami Ibnu Abu Maryam, telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad ibnu Ja'far, telah menceritakan kepadaku Zaid ibnu Aslam, dari Abu Sa'id At-Tammar, dari Abu Sa'id Al-Khudri, bahwa Rasulullah ﷺ pernah bersabda: Hampir tiba masanya kedatangan suatu kaum yang kamu anggap kecil amalmu bila dibandingkan dengan amal mereka.
Kami bertanya, "Wahai Rasulullah, siapakah mereka itu, apakah mereka adalah orang-orang Quraisy?" Rasulullah ﷺ menjawab: Bukan, tetapi mereka adalah penduduk Yaman, karena mereka memiliki perasaan yang lebih lembut dan hati lebih lunak (daripada kamu). Beliau ﷺ mengatakan ini seraya menunjuk ke arah negeri Yaman, lalu beliau bersabda: Mereka adalah penduduk Yaman, ingatlah, sesungguhnya iman itu dari Yaman dan hikmah itu dari Yaman (pula). Maka kami bertanya, "Apakah mereka lebih baik daripada kami?" Rasulullah ﷺ menjawab: Demi Tuhan yang jiwaku berada di dalam genggaman-Nya, seandainya seseorang dari mereka mempunyai gunung emas yang mereka infakkan, niscaya hal itu masih belum dapat mencapai satu mud seseorang dari kamu dan tidak pula separonya. Kemudian beliau ﷺ menggenggamkan semua jari jemarinya dan memanjangkan jari manisnya seraya bersabda, "Ingatlah, sesungguhnya seperti inilah keutamaan antara kita dan orang-orang lain." Tidak sama di antara kamu orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sebelum penaklukan (Mekah).
Mereka lebih tinggi derajatnya daripada orang-orang yang menafkahkan (hartanya) dan berperang sesudah itu. Allah menjanjikan kepada masing-masing mereka (balasan) yang lebih baik. Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan. (Al-Hadid: 10) Konteks riwayat ini tidak menyebutkan Hudaibiyah; dan jika penyebutan itu memang dikenal seperti yang telah tertera di atas, maka takwilnya ialah bahwa wahyu ini diturunkan sebelum penaklukan Mekah sebagai berita tentang apa yang akan terjadi sesudahnya. Perihalnya sama dengan firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala dalam surat Al-Muzammil yang Makkiyyah dan termasuk permulaan wahyu yang diturunkan, yaitu firman-Nya: dan orang-orang yang lain lagi yang berperang di jalan Allah. (Al-Muzammil: 20), hingga akhir ayat.
Hal ini merupakan berita gembira tentang apa yang akan terjadi di masa mendatang; hanya Allah-lah yang Maha Mengetahui. Firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Allah menjanjikan kepada masing-masing mereka (balasan) yang lebih baik. (Al-Hadid: 10) Yakni orang-orang yang berinfak sebelum penaklukan Mekah dan yang sesudahnya, semuanya mendapat pahala dari amalnya masing-masing, sekalipun di antara mereka terdapat perbedaan dalam keutamaan pahala yang diterimanya. Ayat ini semakna dengan apa yang disebutkan oleh firman-Nya: Tidaklah sama antara mukmin yang duduk (yang tidak ikut berperang) yang tidak mempunyai uzur dengan orang-orang yang berjihad di jalan Allah dengan harta mereka dan jiwanya.
Allah melebihkan orang-orang yang berjihad dengan harta dan jiwanya atas orang-orang yang duduk satu derajat. Kepada masing-masing mereka Allah menjanjikan pahala yang baik (surga) dan Allah melebihkan orang-orang yang berjihad atas orang yang duduk dengan pahala yang besar. (An-Nisa: 95) Demikian pula hadits yang disebutkan di dalam kitab shahih mengatakan: Orang mukmin yang kuat lebih baik dan lebih disukai oleh Allah daripada orang mukmin yang lemah, tetapi masing-masing mempunyai kebaikannya (tersendiri).
Sesungguhnya dikatakan demikian hanyalah agar pihak yang lain tidak diremehkan dengan terpujinya pihak yang pertama, yang berakibat timbulnya dugaan bahwa pihak yang tidak terpuji adalah orang yang tercela. Untuk itu maka dilanjutkan dengan memuji pihak yang lain, tetapi dengan menonjolkan keutamaan yang ada pada pihak yang pertama. Karena itulah maka disebutkan dalam firman selanjutnya: Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan. (Al-Hadid: 10) Yakni berkat pengetahuan-Nya, maka Dia membedakan antara pahala orang yang menginfakkan hartanya sebelum masa penaklukan Mekah dan berperang di jalan-Nya, dan orang yang melakukan hal tersebut sesudah masa penaklukan Mekah.
Hal tersebut tiada lain karena Allah mengetahui niat golongan yang pertama dan keikhlasan mereka yang sempurna, serta infak mereka di masa susah, sulit, lagi sempit. Di dalam sebuah hadits disebutkan: " (Sedekah) satu dirham mendahului (sedekah) seratus ribu (dirham). Tidak diragukan lagi di kalangan ahlul iman, bahwa Abu Bakar As-Siddiqlah yang meraih bagian yang terbesar dan kedudukan yang sangat penting dari ayat ini. Karena sesungguhnya dialah penghulu orang yang beramal demikian di antara umat-umat nabi-nabi lainnya.
Dia telah membelanjakan seluruh hartanya karena mengharapkan rida Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala dan tiada seorang pun yang memiliki nikmat ini rela mengorbankannya demi agama selain dia. Abu Muhammad alias Al-Husain ibnu Mas'ud Al-Baghawi telah mengatakan sehubungan dengan tafsir ayat ini, bahwa telah menceritakan kepada kami Ahmad ibnu Ibrahim Asy-Syuraihi, telah menceritakan kepada kami Abu Ishaq alias Ahmad ibnu Muhammad ibnu Ibrahim As-Sa'labi, telah menceritakan kepada kami Abdullah ibnu Hamid ibnu Muhammad, telah menceritakan kepada kami Ahmad ibnu Ishaq ibnu Ayyub, telah menceritakan kepada kami Muhammad ibnu Yunus, telah menceritakan kepada kami Al-Ala ibnu Amr Asy-Syaibani, telah menceritakan kepada kami Abu Ishaq Al-Fazzari, telah menceritakan kepada kami Sufyan ibnu Sa'id, dari Adam ibnu Ali, dari Ibnu Umar yang menceritakan bahwa ketika kami sedang berada di hadapan Nabi ﷺ dan Abu Bakar As-Siddiq yang pada saat itu sahabat Abu Bakar memakai baju 'aba'ah yang ada tambalan pada bagian dadanya, maka turunlah Jibril dan berkata, "Mengapa kulihat Abu Bakar mengenakan baju 'aba'ah yang ada tambalan pada bagian dadanya?" Nabi ﷺ menjawab, "Dia telah menginfakkan semua hartanya sebelum masa penaklukan." Jibril berkata, "Sesungguhnya Allah berfirman, 'Sampaikanlah salam kepadanya dan tanyakanlah kepadanya apakah dia rela terhadap-Ku dalam kemiskinannya ataukah marah'?" Maka Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda, "Wahai Abu Bakar, sesungguhnya Allah telah mengucapkan salam kepadamu dan berfirman kepadamu, 'Apakah kamu rela dalam kemiskinanmu karena membela agama-Nya ataukah marah'?" Abu Bakar menjawab, "Apakah Tuhanku marah kepadaku?" Sesungguhnya aku rela kepada Tuhanku dengan semuanya ini." Sanad hadits yang dikemukakan melalui jalur ini dha’if; hanya Allah-lah Yang Maha Mengetahui.
Firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Siapakah yang mau meminjamkan kepada Allah pinjaman yang baik. (Al-Hadid: 11) Menurut Umar ibnul Khattab, makna yang dimaksud ialah membelanjakan harta untuk keperluan jalan Allah. Menurut pendapat yang lain, untuk keperluan anak-anak. Menurut pendapat yang benar, makna ayat ini umum mencakup semuanya. Maka tiap-tiap orang yang membelanjakan hartanya di jalan Allah dengan niat yang ikhlas dan tekad yang benar telah termasuk ke dalam makna umum ayat ini.
Untuk itulah maka disebutkan oleh firman-Nya: Siapakah yang mau meminjamkan kepada Allah pinjaman yang baik, maka Allah akan memperlipatgandakan (balasan) pinjaman itu untuknya. (Al-Hadid: 11) Seperti yang disebutkan dalam ayat lainnya: dengan lipat ganda yang banyak. (Al-Baqarah: 245) Adapun firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: dan dia akan memperoleh pahala yang banyak. (Al-Hadid: 11) Yakni pahala yang baik dan rezeki yang memukaukan, yaitu surga kelak di hari kiamat. Ibnu Abu Hatim mengatakan, telah menceritakan kepada kami Al-Hasan ibnu Arafah, telah menceritakan kepada kami Khalaf ibnu Khalifah, dari Humaid Al-A'raj, dari Abdullah ibnul Haris, dari Abdullah ibnu Mas'ud yang mengatakan bahwa ketika ayat ini diturunkan, yaitu firman Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala: Siapakah yang mau meminjamkan kepada Allah pinjaman yang baik, maka Allah akan melipatgandakan (balasan) pinjaman itu untuknya. (Al-Hadid: 11) Abud Dahdah Al-Ansari berkata, "Wahai Rasulullah, apakah Allah menghendaki pinjaman dari kita?" Rasulullah ﷺ menjawab, "Benar, wahai Abud Dahdah." Abu Dahdah berkata, "Wahai Rasulullah, kemarikanlah tanganmu." Maka Abud Dahdah menjabat tangan Rasulullah ﷺ, lalu berkata, "Sesungguhnya aku pinjamkan kepada Tuhanku kebun kurmaku." Dia mempunyai kebun kurma berisikan enam ratus tangkal kurma, dan Ummu Dahdah bertempat tinggal di dalam kebun itu bersama anak-anaknya.
Lalu Abud Dahdah datang dan memanggil istrinya, "Wahai Ummu Dahdah." Istrinya menjawab, "Labbaik." Abud Dahdah berkata, "Keluarlah kamu, sesungguhnya kebun ini telah kupinjamkan kepada Tuhanku." Menurut riwayat yang lain, saat itu juga Ummu Dahdah berkata kepada Abud Dahdah, "Beruntunglah bisnismu, wahai Abud Dahdah," lalu Ummu Dahdah memindahkan semua barang dan anak-anaknya dari kebun itu, sedangkan Rasulullah ﷺ bersabda: Betapa banyaknya pohon kurma yang berbuah subur di dalam surga milik Abu Dahdah.
Menurut lafal yang lain disebutkan: Betapa banyak pohon kurma yang berjuntai buahnya berupa intan dan yaqut milik Abud Dahdah di dalam surga.".
Dalam hartamu ada bagian Allah yang mesti kamu infakkan. Lalu, mengapa kamu kikir dan mengapa kamu tidak menginfakkan sebagian hartamu di jalan Allah, padahal milik Allah semua pusaka langit dan bumi' Dialah yang menciptakannya dan semua yang ada di antara keduanya. Ketahuilah, tidak akan sama orang yang menginfakkan sebagian hartanya di jalan Allah di antara kamu dan berperang sebelum penaklukan Mekah. Dengan kebajikan dan perjuangannya itu mereka lebih tinggi derajatnya daripada orang-orang yang menginfakkan sebagian hartanya dan berpe-rang setelah penaklukan kota Mekah itu. Dan Allah menjanjikan kepada masing-masing mereka balasan yang lebih baik sesuai amal dan niat masing-masing. Dan Allah Mahateliti terhadap apa yang kamu lakukan kapan dan di mana pun. Dia akan memberi balasan atasnya dengan setimpal. 11. Untuk mendorong agar manusia gemar bersedekah, Allah menetap-kan bahwa barang siapa meminjamkan kepada Allah dengan pinjaman yang baik, berupa kebajikan atau sedekah kepada orang lain, maka Allah akan mengembalikannya dengan jumlah yang berlipat ganda untuknya. Dan selain itu, baginya akan dikaruniakan pahala yang mulia dari Allah.
Setelah Allah mencela mereka karena tidak mau beriman, maka pada ayat ini Allah mencela mereka karena tidak mau berinfak di jalan-Nya. Mengapa manusia tidak mau membelanjakan harta yang dikaruniai Allah pada jalan-Nya, sedangkan hartanya itu akan kembali kepada Allah. Bila ia tidak menginfakkan pada jalan-Nya berarti ia tidak yakin bahwa semua harta tersebut pada hakikatnya milik Allah, karena langit dan bumi serta semua isinya akan kembali kepada-Nya.
(Dan mengapa kalian) sesudah beriman (tidak) lafal Allaa pada asalnya terdiri dari An dan Laa kemudian keduanya diidgamkan menjadi satu sehingga jadilah Allaa (menafkahkan sebagian harta kalian di jalan Allah, padahal Allah-lah yang mempusakai mempunyai langit dan bumi) berikut semua yang ada pada keduanya; maka sampailah kepada-Nya harta kalian tanpa membawa sedikit pun pahala infak kalian, berbeda halnya seandainya kalian menafkahkannya di jalan Allah, maka kalian akan mendapatkan pahala di sisi-Nya. (Tidak sama di antara kalian orang yang menafkahkan hartanya sebelum penaklukan) kota Mekah (dan ikut berperang sebelumnya -. Mereka lebih tinggi derajatnya daripada orang-orang yang menafkahkan hartanya dan berperang sesudah itu. Kepada masing-masing) dari dua golongan itu. Menurut suatu qiraat ia dibaca Kullun karena dianggap sebagai Mubtada (Allah telah menjanjikan balasan yang lebih baik) yaitu surga (Dan Allah mengetahui apa yang kalian kerjakan) maka kelak Dia akan membalasnya untuk kalian.
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