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Ayah
Word by Word
مَا
Not
ضَلَّ
has strayed
صَاحِبُكُمۡ
your companion
وَمَا
and not
غَوَىٰ
has he erred
مَا
Not
ضَلَّ
has strayed
صَاحِبُكُمۡ
your companion
وَمَا
and not
غَوَىٰ
has he erred
Translation
Your companion [i.e., Muḥammad] has not strayed, nor has he erred,
Tafsir
your companion, Muhammad may peace and salutation be upon him, may God bless him and grant him peace, has neither gone astray, from the path of guidance, nor has he erred, nor has he engaged in error (al-ghayy is ignorance that results from a false belief);
Tafsir of Surah An-Najm
Allah swears the Messenger is True and His Words are a Revelation from Him
Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ash-Sha`bi and others stated that the Creator swears by whatever He wills among His creation, but the created only vow by the Creator.
Allah said,
وَالنَّجْمِ إِذَا هَوَى
By the star when it goes down.
Ibn Abi Najih reported that Mujahid said,
The star refers to Pleiades when it sets at Fajr.
Ad-Dahhak said
When the Shayatin are shot with it.
And this Ayah is like Allah's saying;
فَلَ أُقْسِمُ بِمَوَقِعِ النُّجُومِ
وَإِنَّهُ لَقَسَمٌ لَّوْ تَعْلَمُونَ عَظِيمٌ
إِنَّهُ لَقُرْءَانٌ كَرِيمٌ
فِى كِتَـبٍ مَّكْنُونٍ
لااَّ يَمَسُّهُ إِلااَّ الْمُطَهَّرُونَ
تَنزِيلٌ مِّن رَّبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
So, I swear by the setting of the stars. And verily, that is indeed a great oath, if you but know. That is indeed an honorable recitation. In a Book well-guarded. Which none can touch but the pure. A revelation from the Lord of all that exists. (56:75-80)
Allah said;
مَا ضَلَّ صَاحِبُكُمْ وَمَا غَوَى
Your companion has neither gone astray nor has erred.
This contains the subject of the oath. This part of the Ayah is the witness that the Messenger of Allah is sane and a follower of Truth. He is neither led astray, such as in the case of the ignorant who does not proceed on any path with knowledge, nor is he one who erred, such as in the case of the knowledgeable, who knows the Truth, yet deviates from it intentionally to something else. Therefore, Allah exonerated His Messenger and his Message from being similar to the misguided ways of the Christians and the erroneous paths of the Jews, such as knowing the Truth and hiding it, while abiding by falsehood. Rather, he, may Allah's peace and blessings be on him, and his glorious Message that Allah has sent him with, are on the perfect straight path, following guidance and what is correct.
Muhammad was sent as a Mercy for all that exists; He does not speak of His Desire
Allah said,
وَمَا يَنطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوَى
Nor does he speak of desire,
asserting that nothing the Prophet utters is of his own desire or wish,
إِنْ هُوَ إِلاَّ وَحْيٌ يُوحَى
It is only a revelation revealed,
means, he only conveys to the people what he was commanded to convey, in its entirety without additions or deletions.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Umamah said that he heard the Messenger of Allah say,
لَيَدْخُلَنَّ الْجَنَّةَ بِشَفَاعَةِ رَجُلٍ لَيْسَ بِنَبِيَ مِثْلُ الْحَيَّيْنِ أَوْ مِثْلُ أَحَدِ الْحَيَّيْنِ رَبِيعَةَ وَمُضَر
Verily, numbers similar to the two tribes, or one of them, Rabi`ah and Mudar, will enter Paradise on account of the intercession of one man, who is not a Prophet.
A man asked, O Allah's Messenger! Is not Rabi`ah a subtribe of Mudar.
The Prophet said,
إِنَّمَا أَقُولُ مَا أَقُول
I said what I said.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin `Amr said,
I used to record everything I heard from the Messenger of Allah so it would be preserved. The Quraysh discouraged me from this, saying, `You record everything you hear from the Messenger of Allah, even though he is human and sometimes speaks when he is angry.'
I stopped recording the Hadiths for a while, but later mentioned what they said to the Messenger of Allah, who said,
اكْتُبْ فَوَ الَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ مَا خَرَجَ مِنِّي إِلاَّ الْحَق
Write! By He in Whose Hand is my soul, every word that comes out of me is the Truth.
Abu Dawud also collected this Hadith.
The Trustworthy Angel brought Allah's Revelation to the Trustworthy Messenger
Allah the Exalted states,
عَلَّمَهُ شَدِيدُ الْقُوَى
He has been taught by one mighty in power.
Allah the Exalted states that the Message His servant and Messenger Muhammad brought to people was taught to him by,
شَدِيدُ الْقُوَى
(mighty in power), he is Jibril, peace be upon him,
إِنَّهُ لَقَوْلُ رَسُولٍ كَرِيمٍ
ذِى قُوَّةٍ عِندَ ذِى الْعَرْشِ مَكِينٍ
مُّطَـعٍ ثَمَّ أَمِينٍ
Verily, this is the Word a most honorable messenger, owner of power, with (Allah) the Lord of the Throne, obeyed (by the angels) and trustworthy. (81:19-21)
Allah said here
ذُو مِرَّةٍ
Dhu Mirrah,
meaning, he is mighty in power, according to Mujahid, Al-Hasan and Ibn Zayd.
In an authentic Hadith from Abdullah bin Umar and Abu Hurayrah, the Prophet said,
لَاا تَحِلُّ الصَّدَقَةُ لِغَنِيَ وَلَاا لِذِي مِرَّةٍ سَوِي
Charity is not allowed for a rich person nor Dhu Mirrah (a strong person) of sound mind and body.
Allah said;
فَاسْتَوَى
then he Istawa (rose).
this refers to the angel Jibril, according to Al-Hasan, Mujahid, Qatadah and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas,
وَهُوَ بِالاُْفُقِ الاَْعْلَى
While he was in the highest part of the horizon.
meaning, Jibril rose to the highest part of the horizon, according to Ikrimah and several others;
Ikrimah said,
The highest horizon where the morning comes from.
Mujahid said, It is (the place of) sunrise.
Qatadah said, That from which the day comes.
Ibn Zayd and several others said similarly.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin Mas`ud said,
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ Jibril in his original shape having six hundred wings, each wing filling the side of the horizon, with a colorful array, and pearls and rubies falling from each wing as much as only Allah knows.
Only Imam Ahmad collected this Hadith.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin Abbas said,
The Prophet asked Jibril to appear himself to him in his original shape and Jibril said to him, `Invoke your Lord.'
The Prophet invoked his Lord the Exalted and Most Honored, and a great huge figure appeared to him from the east and kept rising and spreading.
When the Prophet ﷺ Jibril in his original shape, he was knocked unconscious. Jibril came down and revived the Prophet and wiped the saliva off of his cheeks.'
Only Ahmad collected this Hadith.
Meaning of at a distance of two bows' length or less
Allah's statement,
ثُمَّ دَنَا فَتَدَلَّى
Then he approached and came closer,
فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَى
And was at a distance of two bows` length or less.
means, Jibril came closer to Muhammad when Jibril was descending to him on earth. At that time, the distance between them became only two bow lengths, when the bows are extended to full length, according to Mujahid and Qatadah.
It was said that the meaning here is the distance between the bow's string and its wood center.
Allah's statement,
أَوْ أَدْنَى
(or less) indicates that the distance was as only as far described, not more. This type of usage is found in several instances in the Qur'an, such as,
ثُمَّ قَسَتْ قُلُوبُكُمْ مِّن بَعْدِ ذلِكَ فَهِىَ كَالْحِجَارَةِ أَوْ أَشَدُّ قَسْوَةً
Then, after that, your hearts were hardened and became as stones or even worse in hardness. (2:74)
The Ayah says that their hearts became not softer than rocks, but as hard and difficult as rocks, and more.
There is a similar Ayah,
يَخْشَوْنَ النَّاسَ كَخَشْيَةِ اللَّهِ أَوْ أَشَدَّ خَشْيَةً
fear men as they fear Allah or even more. (4:77),
and Allah's statement,
وَأَرْسَلْنَـهُ إِلَى مِاْيَةِ أَلْفٍ أَوْ يَزِيدُونَ
And We sent him to hundred thousand (people) or even more. (37:147),
indicating that they were not less than a hundred thousand, but that amount or more.
Therefore, this verifies the facts mentioned, leaving no doubt or means of refute. Similarly, Allah said,
فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَى
(And was at a distance of two bow lengths or less).
We stated before that it was Jibril who came down near the Prophet, according to A'ishah, the Mother of the faithful, Abdullah bin Mas`ud, Abu Dharr and Abu Hurayrah. We will mention their statements about this soon afterwards, Allah willing.
Ibn Jarir recorded that Abdullah bin Mas`ud said about this Ayah,
فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَى
(And was at a distance of two bow lengths or less).
Allah's Messenger said,
رَأَيْتُ جِبْرِيلَ لَهُ سِتُّمِايَةِ جَنَاح
I ﷺ Jibril; he had six hundred wings.
Al-Bukhari recorded that Talq bin Ghannam said that Za'idah said that Ash-Shaybani said,
I asked Zirr about the Ayah,
فَكَانَ قَابَ قَوْسَيْنِ أَوْ أَدْنَى
فَأَوْحَى إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَى
And was at a distance of two bow lengths or less. So (Allah) revealed to His servant whatever He revealed.
Zirr said,
Abdullah narrated to us that Muhammad ﷺ Jibril having six hundred wings.
Allah's statement,
فَأَوْحَى إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَى
So he revealed to His servant whatever He revealed.
means, Jibril conveyed to Allah's servant Muhammad whatever he conveyed. Or,
the meaning here could be:Allah revealed to His servant Muhammad whatever He revealed through Jibril.
Both meanings are correct.
Sa`id bin Jubayr said about Allah's statement,
فَأَوْحَى إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَا أَوْحَى
(So He revealed to His servant whatever He revealed.
Allah revealed to him,
أَلَمْ يَجِدْكَ يَتِيماً
Did He not find you an orphan. (93:6), and,
وَرَفَعْنَا لَكَ ذِكْرَكَ
And have We not raised high your fame, (94:4)
Someone else said,
Allah revealed to the Prophet that the Prophets will not enter Paradise until he enters it first, and the nations will not enter it until his Ummah enters it first.
Did the Prophet see His Lord during the Night of Isra
Allah said next,
مَا كَذَبَ الْفُوَادُ مَا رَأَى
أَفَتُمَارُونَهُ عَلَى مَا يَرَى
The heart lied not in what he ﷺ Will you then dispute with him about what he ﷺ?
Muslim recorded from Ibn Abbas about,
مَا كَذَبَ الْفُوَادُ مَا رَأَى
(The heart lied not in what he ﷺ), and,
وَلَقَدْ رَاهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَى
(And indeed he ﷺ him at a second descent).
He ﷺ Allah twice in his heart.
Simak reported a similar from Ikrimah from Ibn Abbas.
Abu Salih, As-Suddi and several others said similarly that the Prophet ﷺ Allah twice in his heart.
Masruq said,
I went to A'ishah and asked her, `Did Muhammad see his Lord?'
She said, `You said something that caused my hair to rise!'
I said, `Behold!' and recited this Ayah,
لَقَدْ رَأَى مِنْ ايَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَى
(Indeed he ﷺ of the greatest signs of his Lord).
She said, `Where did your mind wander? It was Jibril. Whoever says to you that Muhammad ﷺ his Lord, or hid any part of what he was commanded (i.e., Allah's Message), or knew any of the five things which only Allah knows,
إِنَّ اللَّهَ عِندَهُ عِلْمُ السَّاعَةِ وَيُنَزِّلُ الْغَيْثَ
Verily, Allah, with Him is the knowledge of the Hour, He sends down the rain... (31:34),
Then he invents a great lie against Allah!
The Prophet only ﷺ Jibril twice, in his original shape, once near Sidrat Al-Muntaha and another time in Ajyad (in Makkah) while Jibril had six hundred wings that covered the horizon.'
Muslim recorded that Abu Dharr said,
I asked the Messenger of Allah , `Have you seen your Lord' He said,
نُورٌ أَنَّى أَرَاه
How can I see Him since there was a light?
In another narration, the Prophet said,
رَأَيْتُ نُورًا
I only ﷺ a light.
Allah's statement,
وَلَقَدْ رَاهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَى
عِندَ سِدْرَةِ الْمُنْتَهَى
عِندَهَا جَنَّةُ الْمَأْوَى
And indeed he ﷺ him at a second descent. Near Sidrat Al-Muntaha.
The Messenger of Allah said,
رَأَيْتُ جِبْرِيلَ وَلَهُ سِتُّمِايَةِ جَنَاحٍ يَنْتَثِرُ مِنْ رِيشِهِ التَّهَاوِيلُ مِنَ الدُّرِّ وَالْيَاقُوت
I ﷺ Jibril while he had six hundred wings and a colorful array of pearls and rubies falling from the feathers of his wings.
This Hadith has a good, strong chain of narration.
Ahmad also recorded that Abdullah Ibn Mas`ud said,
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ Jibril in his original shape while Jibril had six hundred wings, each wing covering the side of the horizon. From his wings, precious stones were dropping of which only Allah has knowledge.
This Hadith has a good chain of narration.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin Mas`ud said,
The Messenger of Allah said,
رَأَيْتُ جِبْرِيلَ عَلَى سِدْرَةِ الْمُنْتَهَى وَلَهُ سِتُّمِايَةِ جَنَاح
I ﷺ Jibril over Sidrat Al-Muntaha while he had six hundred wings.
One of the subnarrators of the Hadith asked `Asim about Jibril's wings and `Asim refused to elaborate. So some of his companions were asked and one of them said,
Each wing was covering what is between the east and the west.
This Hadith has a good chain of narration.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Ibn Mas`ud said that Allah's Messenger said:
أَتَانِي جِبْرِيلُ فِي خُضْرٍ مُعَلَّقٍ بِهِ الدُّر
Jibril came to me wearing green with pearls hanging down.
This Hadith has a good chain of narration.
Imam Ahmad recorded that `Amir said that Masruq asked A'ishah,
O Mother of the faithful, has Muhammad seen his Lord, the Exalted and Most Honored
She said,
Glorious is Allah! My hair is standing on end because of what you said. Three matters, if one tells you about any of them, will have lied. Whoever tells you that Muhammad has seen his Lord, will have lied.
She then recited these two Ayat,
لااَّ تُدْرِكُهُ الااٌّبْصَـرُ وَهُوَ يُدْرِكُ الااٌّبْصَـرَ
No vision can grasp Him, but He grasps all vision. (6:103),
and,
وَمَا كَانَ لِبَشَرٍ أَن يُكَلِّمَهُ اللَّهُ إِلاَّ وَحْياً أَوْ مِن وَرَاءِ حِجَابٍ
It is not given to any human being that Allah should speak to him unless (it be) by revelation, or from behind a veil. (42:51)
She went on,
And whoever tells you that Muhammad knew what the morrow will bring, will have uttered a lie.
She then recited,
إِنَّ اللَّهَ عِندَهُ عِلْمُ السَّاعَةِ وَيُنَزِّلُ الْغَيْثَ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا فِى الاٌّرْحَامِ
Verily, Allah, with Him is the knowledge of the Hour, He sends down the rain, and knows that which is in the wombs. (31:34)
A'ishah said,
And whoever tells you that Muhammad has hidden any part of the Message will have lied,
and she then recited this Ayah,
يَـأَيُّهَا الرَّسُولُ بَلِّغْ مَأ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِن رَّبِّكَ
O Messenger proclaim which has been sent down to you from your Lord. (5:67)
She went on,
However, he ﷺ Jibril twice in his original shape.
Imam Ahmad also recorded that Masruq said,
I asked `A'ishah, `Did not Allah say,
وَلَقَدْ رَءَاهُ بِالاٍّفُقِ الْمُبِينِ
(And indeed he ﷺ him in the clear horizon. (81:23), and,
وَلَقَدْ رَاهُ نَزْلَةً أُخْرَى
(And indeed he ﷺ him at a second descent),'
She said, `I was the first among this Ummah to ask Allah's Messenger about it. He said,
إِنَّمَا ذَاكَ جِبْرِيل
That was Jibril.
He only ﷺ him twice in his actual and real figure. He ﷺ Jibril descend from heaven to earth and was so huge that he covered the whole horizon between the sky and earth.'
This Hadith is recorded in the Two Sahihs via Ash-Sha`bi.
Angels, Light and colors covered Sidrat Al-Muntaha
Allah said,
إِذْ يَغْشَى السِّدْرَةَ مَا يَغْشَى
When that covered the lote tree which did cover it!
We mentioned before, in the Hadiths about Al-Isra' that the angels, Allah's Light, and spectacular colors covered the Sidrah.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin Mas`ud said,
When the Messenger of Allah was taken on the Isra' journey, he ascended to Sidrat Al-Muntaha, which is in the seventh heaven. There everything terminates that ascends from the earth and is held there, and terminates everything that descends from above it is held there,
إِذْ يَغْشَى السِّدْرَةَ مَا يَغْشَى
(When that covered the lote tree which did cover it!) He said, Golden butterflies.
The Messenger of Allah was given three things:
He was given the five prayers,
he was given the concluding verses of Surah Al-Baqarah (2:284-286), and
remission of serious sins for those among his Ummah who do not associate anything with Allah.
Muslim collected this Hadith.
Allah's statement,
مَا زَاغَ الْبَصَرُ وَمَا طَغَى
The sight turned not aside, nor it transgressed beyond the limit.
indicates that the Prophet's sight did not turn right or left, according to Ibn Abbas,
وَمَا طَغَى
(nor it transgressed beyond the limit), not exceeding what has been ordained for it.
This is a tremendous quality that demonstrates the Prophet's firm obedience to Allah, because he only did what was commanded and did ask beyond what he was given.
Allah's statement,
لَقَدْ رَأَى مِنْ ايَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَى
Indeed he ﷺ of the greatest signs of his Lord.
is similar to another Ayah,
لِنُرِيَهُ مِنْ ءْايَـتِنَأ
In order that We might show him of Our Ayat. (17:1),
meaning, signs that testify to Allah's might and greatness.
Relying on these two Ayat, some scholars of Ahl us-Sunnah said that the Prophet did not see Allah during the Isra' journey, because Allah said,
لَقَدْ رَأَى مِنْ ايَاتِ رَبِّهِ الْكُبْرَى
(Indeed he ﷺ of the greatest signs of his Lord). They said that, had the Prophet seen his Lord, Allah would have conveyed this news and the Prophet would have narrated it to the people.
Not yet available. It requires resources to add this interpretation.
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