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Ayah

Word by Word
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا
O you
ٱلَّذِينَ
who
ءَامَنُوٓاْ
believe[d]
إِذَا
When
ضَرَبۡتُمۡ
you go forth
فِي
in
سَبِيلِ
(the) way
ٱللَّهِ
(of) Allah
فَتَبَيَّنُواْ
then investigate
وَلَا
and (do) not
تَقُولُواْ
say
لِمَنۡ
to (the one) who
أَلۡقَىٰٓ
offers
إِلَيۡكُمُ
to you
ٱلسَّلَٰمَ
(a greeting of) peace
لَسۡتَ
You are not
مُؤۡمِنٗا
a believer
تَبۡتَغُونَ
seeking
عَرَضَ
transitory gains
ٱلۡحَيَوٰةِ
(of) the life
ٱلدُّنۡيَا
(of) the world
فَعِندَ
for with
ٱللَّهِ
Allah
مَغَانِمُ
(are) booties
كَثِيرَةٞۚ
abundant
كَذَٰلِكَ
Like that
كُنتُم
you were
مِّن
from
قَبۡلُ
before
فَمَنَّ
then conferred favor
ٱللَّهُ
Allah
عَلَيۡكُمۡ
upon you
فَتَبَيَّنُوٓاْۚ
so investigate
إِنَّ
Indeed
ٱللَّهَ
Allah
كَانَ
is
بِمَا
of what
تَعۡمَلُونَ
you do
خَبِيرٗا
All-Aware
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا
O you
ٱلَّذِينَ
who
ءَامَنُوٓاْ
believe[d]
إِذَا
When
ضَرَبۡتُمۡ
you go forth
فِي
in
سَبِيلِ
(the) way
ٱللَّهِ
(of) Allah
فَتَبَيَّنُواْ
then investigate
وَلَا
and (do) not
تَقُولُواْ
say
لِمَنۡ
to (the one) who
أَلۡقَىٰٓ
offers
إِلَيۡكُمُ
to you
ٱلسَّلَٰمَ
(a greeting of) peace
لَسۡتَ
You are not
مُؤۡمِنٗا
a believer
تَبۡتَغُونَ
seeking
عَرَضَ
transitory gains
ٱلۡحَيَوٰةِ
(of) the life
ٱلدُّنۡيَا
(of) the world
فَعِندَ
for with
ٱللَّهِ
Allah
مَغَانِمُ
(are) booties
كَثِيرَةٞۚ
abundant
كَذَٰلِكَ
Like that
كُنتُم
you were
مِّن
from
قَبۡلُ
before
فَمَنَّ
then conferred favor
ٱللَّهُ
Allah
عَلَيۡكُمۡ
upon you
فَتَبَيَّنُوٓاْۚ
so investigate
إِنَّ
Indeed
ٱللَّهَ
Allah
كَانَ
is
بِمَا
of what
تَعۡمَلُونَ
you do
خَبِيرٗا
All-Aware

Translation

O you who have believed, when you go forth [to fight] in the cause of Allāh, investigate; and do not say to one who gives you [a greeting of] peace, "You are not a believer,"1 aspiring for the goods of worldly life; for with Allāh are many acquisitions. You [yourselves] were like that before; then Allāh conferred His favor [i.e., guidance] upon you, so investigate. Indeed Allāh is ever, of what you do, Aware.
Footnotes
1 - Do not assume that he pretends Islām merely in order to save himself, for he may be sincere in faith.

Tafsir

The following was revealed when a group from among the Companions passed by a man from the Banoo Sulaym driving his flock of sheep, and he offered them a greeting of peace. But they said, 'He only greeted us dissimulating, out of fear'. So they killed him and took away his flock: O you who believe, when you are going forth, travelling in order to struggle, in the way of God, be discriminating (fa-tabayyanoo; a variant reading has fa-tathabbatoo, 'ascertain', here and further below); and do not say to him who offers you peace (read al-salaam or al-salam), that is, the greeting, or [offers you] submission, declaring the profession of faith (shahaada), which is an indication of being a Muslim: 'You are not a believer: you are only saying this to dissimulate for fear of your life and property', so that you then end up killing him, desiring, seeking by this, the transient goods of the life of this world, that is, its enjoyment, in the way of spoils. With God are plenteous spoils, rendering you free of the need to kill such a person for his property. So you were formerly, when your lives and property were protected simply upon your professing the faith; but God has been gracious to you, making you known for your faith and uprightness. So be discriminating, lest you kill a believer and treat those entering the religion as you were treated [formerly]. Surely God is ever Aware of what you do, and will requite you for it.

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