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Ayah
Word by Word
إِنَّا
Indeed
جَعَلۡنَا
[We] have placed
فِيٓ
on
أَعۡنَٰقِهِمۡ
their necks
أَغۡلَٰلٗا
iron collars
فَهِيَ
and they
إِلَى
(are up) to
ٱلۡأَذۡقَانِ
the chins
فَهُم
so they
مُّقۡمَحُونَ
(are with) heads aloft
إِنَّا
Indeed
جَعَلۡنَا
[We] have placed
فِيٓ
on
أَعۡنَٰقِهِمۡ
their necks
أَغۡلَٰلٗا
iron collars
فَهِيَ
and they
إِلَى
(are up) to
ٱلۡأَذۡقَانِ
the chins
فَهُم
so they
مُّقۡمَحُونَ
(are with) heads aloft
Translation
We have put yokes round their necks right up to their chins, so that their heads are forced up (and they cannot see).
Tafsir
Indeed We have put fetters around their necks, to bind to them their hands (because ghull [is a fetter that] shackles the hands to the neck), such that they, the hands, are, bound, up to the chins (adhqaan is the plural of dhaqan, which is where the two sides of the beard meet) so that their heads are upturned, they are unable to lower them: this [statement] is figurative and is meant to indicate their inability to yield to faith or to lower their heads to it.
Tafsir of Surah Yaseen
The Messenger was sent as a Warner
Allah exalted says,
يس
Ya Sin.
We have already discussed the individual letters at the beginning of Surah Al-Baqarah.
وَالۡقُرۡانِ الۡحَكِيمِ
By the Qur'an, full of wisdom,
means, Al-Muhkam (perfect) which falsehood cannot come to from before it or behind it
إِنَّكَ
Truly, you (means, O Muhammad),
لَمِنَ الۡمُرۡسَلِينَ
عَلَى صِرَاطٍ مُّسۡتَقِيمٍ
are one of the Messengers, on the straight path.
means, following a straight methodology and religion, and an upright Law.
تَنزِيلَ الۡعَزِيزِ الرَّحِيمِ
Sent down by the Almighty, the Most Merciful.
means, this path which you have brought is a revelation from the Lord of might Who is Most Merciful to His believing servants.
This is like the Ayah:
وَإِنَّكَ لَتَهۡدِى إِلَى صِرَطٍ مُّسۡتَقِيمٍ
صِرَطِ اللَّهِ الَّذِى لَهُ مَا فِى السَّمَـوَتِ وَمَا فِى الاٌّرۡضِ أَلَا إِلَى اللَّهِ تَصِيرُ الاٍّمُورُ
And verily, you are indeed guiding (mankind) to the straight path. The path of Allah to Whom belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth. Verily, to Allah all matters return. (42:52-53)
لِتُنذِرَ قَوۡمًا مَّا أُنذِرَ ابَاوُهُمۡ فَهُمۡ غَافِلُونَ
In order that you may warn a people whose forefathers were not warned, so they are heedless.
This refers to the Arabs, for no warner had come to them before him. The fact that they alone are mentioned does not mean that others are excluded, just as mentioning some individuals does not mean that all others are excluded. We have already mentioned the Ayat and Mutawatir Hadiths which state that the mission of the Prophet is universal, when we discussed the meaning of the Ayah:
قُلۡ يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللّهِ إِلَيۡكُمۡ جَمِيعًا
(Say:O mankind! Verily, I am sent to you all as the Messenger of Allah.) (7:158)
لَقَدۡ حَقَّ الۡقَوۡلُ عَلَى أَكۡثَرِهِمۡ
Indeed the Word has proved true against most of them,
Ibn Jarir said,
The punishment has become inevitable for most of them, because Allah has decreed in the Mother of the Book (Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuz) that they will not believe.
فَهُمۡ لَا يُوۡمِنُونَ
so they will not believe.
i.e. in Allah, or in His Messengers
The State of Those Who are decreed to be among the Doomed
Allah says:`In the case of those who are decreed to be among the doomed,
إِنَّا جَعَلۡنَا فِي أَعۡنَاقِهِمۡ أَغۡلَلاً فَهِيَ إِلَى الَاذۡقَانِ فَهُم مُّقۡمَحُونَ
Verily, We have put on their necks iron collars reaching to the chins, so that their heads are raised up.
Allah says:`In the case of those who are decreed to be among the doomed, when it comes to the matter of being guided, We have made them like a person who has a chain around his neck and whose hands are tied together beneath his chin so that his head is lifted up.' As Allah says:
فَهُم مُّقۡمَحُونَ
(so that their heads are raised up).
Mentioning the chains around the neck is sufficient and there is no need to mention the hands, although they are referred to by implication.
Al-`Awfi said, narrating from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, concerning the Ayah:
إِنَّا جَعَلۡنَا فِي أَعۡنَاقِهِمۡ أَغۡلَلاً فَهِيَ إِلَى الَاذۡقَانِ فَهُم مُّقۡمَحُونَ
Verily, We have put on their necks iron collars reaching to the chins, so that their heads are raised up.
This is like the Ayah:
وَلَا تَجۡعَلۡ يَدَكَ مَغۡلُولَةً إِلَى عُنُقِكَ
And let not your hand be tied (like a miser) to your neck. (17:29)
meaning that their hands are tied to their necks and they cannot stretch them forth in order to do any good deeds.
فَهُم مُّقۡمَحُونَ
so that their heads are raised up.
according to Mujahid it means their heads are raised, and their hands are placed over their mouths, so they are restrained from doing anything good
وَجَعَلۡنَا مِن بَيۡنِ أَيۡدِيهِمۡ سَدًّا
And We have put a barrier before them,
Mujahid said,
Between them and the truth.
وَمِنۡ خَلۡفِهِمۡ سَدًّا
and a barrier behind them,
Mujahid said,
Between them and the truth, so they are confused.
Qatadah said,
They move from one form of misguidance to another.
فَأَغۡشَيۡنَاهُمۡ
and We have covered them up,
means, `We have blinded their eyes to the truth.'
Ibn Jarir said,
It was narrated from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that he used to recite Fa a`shaynahum (instead of Fa'aghshaynahum), from Al-`Asha (weakness of the sight, blindness), which is a complaint of the eye.
فَهُمۡ لَا يُبۡصِرُونَ
so that they cannot see.
means, they cannot benefit from goodness or be guided to it.
Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said,
Allah placed this barrier between them and Islam and Iman, so that they will never reach it,
and he recited:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ حَقَّتۡ عَلَيۡهِمۡ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ لَا يُوۡمِنُونَ
وَلَوۡ جَأءَتۡهُمۡ كُلُّ ءايَةٍ حَتَّى يَرَوُاۡ الۡعَذَابَ الاٌّلِيمَ
Truly, those, against whom the Word (wrath) of your Lord has been justified, will not believe, Even if every sign should come to them, until they see the painful torment. (10:96-97)
Then he said, Whoever has been prevented by Allah, will never be able.
Ikrimah said,
Abu Jahl said, `If I see Muhammad, I will do such and such.' Then Allah revealed:
إِنَّا جَعَلۡنَا فِي أَعۡنَاقِهِمۡ أَغۡلَلاً فَهِيَ إِلَى الَاذۡقَانِ فَهُم مُّقۡمَحُونَ
وَجَعَلۡنَا مِن بَيۡنِ أَيۡدِيهِمۡ سَدًّا وَمِنۡ خَلۡفِهِمۡ سَدًّا فَأَغۡشَيۡنَاهُمۡ فَهُمۡ لَا يُبۡصِرُونَ
Verily, We have put on their necks iron collars reaching to the chins, so that their heads are raised up. And We have put a barrier before them, and a barrier behind them, and We have covered them up, so that they cannot see.
فَهُمۡ لَا يُبۡصِرُونَ
(so that they cannot see).
He said,
They used to say, `Here is Muhammad,' and he would say, `Where is he? Where is he?' And he would not be able to see him.
Ibn Jarir also recorded this.
وَسَوَاء عَلَيۡهِمۡ أَأَنذَرۡتَهُمۡ أَمۡ لَمۡ تُنذِرۡهُمۡ لَا يُوۡمِنُونَ
It is the same to them whether you warn them or you warn them not, they will not believe.
means, Allah has decreed that they will be misguided, so warning them will not help them and will not have any effect on them. Something similar has already been seen at the beginning of Surah Al-Baqarah,
and Allah also says:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ حَقَّتۡ عَلَيۡهِمۡ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ لَا يُوۡمِنُونَ
وَلَوۡ جَأءَتۡهُمۡ كُلُّ ءايَةٍ حَتَّى يَرَوُاۡ الۡعَذَابَ الاٌّلِيمَ
Truly, those, against whom the Word (wrath) of your Lord has been justified, will not believe, Even if every sign should come to them, until they see the painful torment. (10:96-97
إِنَّمَا تُنذِرُ مَنِ اتَّبَعَ الذِّكۡرَ
You can only warn him who follows the Reminder,
means, `only the believers will benefit from your warning, those who follow the Reminder,' which is the Qur'an.
وَخَشِيَ الرَّحۡمَن بِالۡغَيۡبِ
and fears the Most Gracious unseen.
means, even when no one sees him except Allah, may He be blessed and exalted, he knows that Allah is watching him and sees what he does.
فَبَشِّرۡهُ بِمَغۡفِرَةٍ
Bear you to such one the glad tidings of forgiveness, (i.e., of his sins),
وَأَجۡرٍ كَرِيمٍ
and a generous reward.
means, one that is vast and great and beautiful.
This is like the Ayah:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَخۡشَوۡنَ رَبَّهُم بِالۡغَيۡبِ لَهُم مَّغۡفِرَةٌ وَأَجۡرٌ كَبِيرٌ
Verily, those who fear their Lord unseen, theirs will be forgiveness and a great reward. (67:12
إِنَّا نَحۡنُ نُحۡيِي الۡمَوۡتَى
Verily, We give life to the dead,
means, on the Day of Resurrection.
This also indicates that Allah gives life to the heart of whomever He wills among the disbelievers, those whose hearts have died in misguidance, by guiding them after that to the truth.
As Allah says after mentioning hardness of the heart:
اعۡلَمُواۡ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يُحۡىِ الاٌّرۡضَ بَعۡدَ مَوۡتِهَا قَدۡ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ الاٌّيَـتِ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَعۡقِلُونَ
Know that Allah gives life to the earth after its death! Indeed We have made clear the Ayat to you, that you may understand. (57:17)
وَنَكۡتُبُ مَا قَدَّمُوا
and We record that which they send before (them),
means, their deeds.
وَاثَارَهُمۡ
and their traces,
means, `We write down the deeds which they used to do themselves, and the legacy they left behind, so We will requite them for that:if it is good, then We will reward them, and if it is evil, then We will punish them.'
This is like the Hadith:
مَنۡ سَنَّ فِي الاِۡسۡلَمِ سُنَّةً حَسَنَةً كَانَ لَهُ أَجۡرُهَا وَأَجۡرُ مَنۡ عَمِلَ بِهَا مِنۡ بَعۡدِهِ مِنۡ غَيۡرِ أَنۡ يَنۡقُصَ مِنۡ أُجُورِهِمۡ شَيۡيًا
وَمَنۡ سَنَّ فِي الاِۡسۡلَمِ سُنَّةً سَيِّـــيَـةً كَانَ عَلَيۡهِ وِزۡرُهَا وَوِزۡرُ مَنۡ عَمِلَ بِهَا مِنۡ بَعۡدِهِ مِنۡ غَيۡرِ أَنۡ يَنۡقُصَ مِنۡ أَوۡزَارِهِمۡ شَيۡيًا
Whoever starts (or sets an example of) something good in Islam, will have a reward for it, and a reward equal to that of everyone who does it after him, without that detracting from their reward in the slightest.
Whoever starts (or sets an example of) something evil in Islam, will bear the burden for that, and a burden equal to that of everyone who does it after him, without that detracting from their burden in the slightest.
This was recorded by Muslim from Jarir bin Abdullah Al-Bajali, may Allah be pleased with him in which is detailed a story of the people from the Mudar tribe, who were wearing woolen rags.
Ibn Abi Hatim recorded this Hadith in full from Jarir bin Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with him. In it the Prophet then recited:
وَنَكۡتُبُ مَا قَدَّمُوا وَاثَارَهُمۡ
(and We record that which they send before (them), and their traces),
Muslim also recorded it with a different chain of narration.
There is also another Hadith recorded in Sahih Muslim from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said,
The Messenger of Allah said:
إِذَا مَاتَ ابۡنُ ادَمَ انۡقَطَعَ عَمَلُهُ إِلاَّ مِنۡ ثَلَثٍ
مِنۡ عِلۡمٍ يُنۡتَفَعُ بِهِ
أَوۡ وَلَدٍ صَالِحٍ يَدۡعُو لَهُ
أَوۡ صَدَقَةٍ جَارِيَةٍ مِنۡ بَعۡدِه
When the son of Adam dies, all his deeds come to an end except three:
knowledge which is beneficial to others,
a righteous child who prays for him,
or ongoing charity which he leaves behind.
Sufyan Ath-Thawri reported that Abu Sa`id said, I heard Mujahid say concerning the Ayah:
إِنَّا نَحۡنُ نُحۡيِي الۡمَوۡتَى
وَنَكۡتُبُ مَا قَدَّمُوا وَاثَارَهُمۡ
(Verily, We give life to the dead, and We record that which they send before (them), and their traces),
`What they left behind of misguidance.'
Ibn Abi Najih and others said, narrating from Mujahid:
مَا قَدَّمُوا
(that which they send before (them),
Their deeds.
وَاثَارَهُمۡ
(and their traces).
Their footsteps.
This was also the view of Al-Hasan and Qatadah.
وَاثَارَهُمۡ
(and their traces). Their footsteps. Qatadah said,
If Allah were to have neglected anything with regard to you, O son of Adam, He would have neglected what the wind could remove of these footsteps.
But He takes into account the footsteps of the son of Adam and all his deeds; He even takes into account these footsteps and whether they are for the purpose of obeying Allah or disobeying Him. So, whoever can have his footsteps recorded for the purpose of obeying Allah, let him do that.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Jabir bin Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with him, said,
There was an empty area around the Masjid, and Banu Salamah wanted to move to be closer to the Masjid. When the Messenger of Allah heard about that, he said to them:
I have heard that you want to move close to the Masjid.
They said, `Yes, O Messenger of Allah, that is what we want.'
He said:
يَا بَنِي سَلِمَةَ دِيَارَكُمۡ تُكۡتَبۡ اثَارُكُمۡ
دِيَارَكُمۡ تُكۡتَبۡ اثَارُكُم
O Banu Salamah, stay where you are, and your footsteps will be recorded,
stay where you are, and your footsteps will be recorded.
This was also recorded by Muslim from Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin `Amr, may Allah be pleased with him, said,
A man died in Al-Madinah and the Prophet prayed over him, and said,
يَا لَيۡتَهُ مَاتَ فِي غَيۡرِ مَوۡلِدِه
Would that he had died somewhere other than in his place of birth!
A man among the people said, `Why, O Messenger of Allah!'
The Messenger of Allah said:
إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا تُوُفِّيَ فِي غَيۡرِ مَوۡلِدِهِ قِيسَ لَهُ مِنۡ مَوۡلِدِهِ إِلَى مُنۡقَطِعِ أَثَرِهِ فِي الۡجَنَّة
When a man dies somewhere other than in his place of birth, it will be measured for him from where he was born to where his footsteps no longer appear, (and this is the space that will be allocated for him) in Paradise.
It was also recorded by An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah.
Ibn Jarir narrated that Thabit said,
I was walking with Anas and I began to walk quickly. He took my hand and we walked slowly, and when we had finished praying, Anas said, `I walked with Zayd bin Thabit and I was walking quickly, and he said:O Anas! Do you not feel that your footsteps are being written down'
There is no contradiction between this and the first report; on the contrary, this indicates the same thing somewhat more forcefully. Because these footsteps are being recorded, then those which are setting an example, whether good or bad, are more likely to be recorded. And Allah knows best.
وَكُلَّ شَيۡءٍ أحۡصَيۡنَاهُ فِي إِمَامٍ مُبِينٍ
and all things We have recorded with numbers (as a record) in Imam Mubin (a Clear Book).
means, everything that exists is precisely dictated in a record in Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuz.
Al-Imam Al-Mubin here refers to the source of all records.
This was the view of Mujahid, Qatadah and Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam.
Similarly, Allah also says:
يَوۡمَ نَدۡعُواۡ كُلَّ أُنَاسٍ بِإِمَـمِهِمۡ
(And remember) the Day when We shall call together all human beings with their (respective) Imam (record of good and bad deeds. (17:71)
meaning the Book of their deeds which will testify as to their deeds, whether they were good or bad.
This is like the Ayat:
وَوُضِعَ الۡكِتَـبُ وَجِـىءَ بِالنَّبِيِّيۡنَ وَالشُّهَدَاءِ
and the Book will be placed (open), and the Prophets and the witnesses will be brought forward, (39:69)
and,
وَوُضِعَ الۡكِتَـبُ فَتَرَى الۡمُجۡرِمِينَ مُشۡفِقِينَ مِمَّا فِيهِ وَيَقُولُونَ يوَيۡلَتَنَا مَا لِهَـذَا الۡكِتَـبِ لَا يُغَادِرُ صَغِيرَةً وَلَا كَبِيرَةً إِلاَّ أَحۡصَاهَا وَوَجَدُواۡ مَا عَمِلُواۡ حَاضِرًا وَلَا يَظۡلِمُ رَبُّكَ أَحَدًا
And the Book (one's Record) will be placed, and you will see the criminals, fearful of that which is (recorded) therein. They will say:Woe to us! What sort of Book is this that leaves neither a small thing nor a big thing, but has recorded it with numbers! And they will find all that they did, placed before them, and your Lord treats no one with injustice. (18:49)
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