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Ayah
Word by Word
ٱدۡعُوهُمۡ
Call them
لِأٓبَآئِهِمۡ
by their fathers
هُوَ
it
أَقۡسَطُ
(is) more just
عِندَ
near
ٱللَّهِۚ
Allah
فَإِن
But if
لَّمۡ
not
تَعۡلَمُوٓاْ
you know
ءَابَآءَهُمۡ
their fathers
فَإِخۡوَٰنُكُمۡ
then (they are) your brothers
فِي
in
ٱلدِّينِ
[the] religion
وَمَوَٰلِيكُمۡۚ
and your friends
وَلَيۡسَ
But not is
عَلَيۡكُمۡ
upon you
جُنَاحٞ
any blame
فِيمَآ
in what
أَخۡطَأۡتُم
you made a mistake
بِهِۦ
in it
وَلَٰكِن
but
مَّا
what
تَعَمَّدَتۡ
intended
قُلُوبُكُمۡۚ
your hearts
وَكَانَ
And Allah
ٱللَّهُ
And Allah
غَفُورٗا
(is) Oft-Forgiving
رَّحِيمًا
Most Merciful
ٱدۡعُوهُمۡ
Call them
لِأٓبَآئِهِمۡ
by their fathers
هُوَ
it
أَقۡسَطُ
(is) more just
عِندَ
near
ٱللَّهِۚ
Allah
فَإِن
But if
لَّمۡ
not
تَعۡلَمُوٓاْ
you know
ءَابَآءَهُمۡ
their fathers
فَإِخۡوَٰنُكُمۡ
then (they are) your brothers
فِي
in
ٱلدِّينِ
[the] religion
وَمَوَٰلِيكُمۡۚ
and your friends
وَلَيۡسَ
But not is
عَلَيۡكُمۡ
upon you
جُنَاحٞ
any blame
فِيمَآ
in what
أَخۡطَأۡتُم
you made a mistake
بِهِۦ
in it
وَلَٰكِن
but
مَّا
what
تَعَمَّدَتۡ
intended
قُلُوبُكُمۡۚ
your hearts
وَكَانَ
And Allah
ٱللَّهُ
And Allah
غَفُورٗا
(is) Oft-Forgiving
رَّحِيمًا
Most Merciful
Translation
Call them by (the names of) their fathers: that is juster in the sight of Allah. But if ye know not their father's (names, call them) your Brothers in faith, or your maulas. But there is no blame on you if ye make a mistake therein: (what counts is) the intention of your hearts: and Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful.
Tafsir
Instead, attribute them to their [true] fathers. That is more equitable, [that is] more just, in the sight of God. If you do not know their [true] fathers, then they are your brethren in religion and [as] your associates. And you would not be at fault for any mistake you make, in this respect, except, in, what your hearts may premeditate, after the prohibition [has been issued]. And God is Forgiving, of whatever you said before the prohibition [was issued], Merciful, to you in this respect.
Abolition of Adoption
Before Allah discusses ideas and theoretical matters, He gives tangible examples:one man cannot have two hearts in his body, and a man's wife does not become his mother if he says the words of Zihar to her:You are to me like the back of my mother. By the same token, an adopted child does not become the son of the man who adopts him and calls him his son.
Allah says:
مَّا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لِرَجُلٍ مِّن قَلۡبَيۡنِ فِي جَوۡفِهِ وَمَا جَعَلَ أَزۡوَاجَكُمُ اللَّايِي تُظَاهِرُونَ مِنۡهُنَّ أُمَّهَاتِكُمۡ
Allah has not made for any man two hearts inside his body. Neither has He made your wives whom you declare to be like your mothers' backs, your real mothers...
This is like the Ayah:
مَّا هُنَّ أُمَّهَـتِهِمۡ إِنۡ أُمَّهَـتُهُمۡ إِلاَّ اللَّيِى وَلَدۡنَهُمۡ
They cannot be their mothers. None can be their mothers except those who gave them birth. (58:2)
وَمَا جَعَلَ أَدۡعِيَاءكُمۡ أَبۡنَاءكُمۡ
nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons.
This was revealed concerning Zayd bin Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him, the freed servant of the Prophet. The Prophet had adopted him before Prophethood, and he was known as Zayd bin Muhammad. Allah wanted to put an end to this naming and attribution, as He said:
وَمَا جَعَلَ أَدۡعِيَاءكُمۡ أَبۡنَاءكُمۡ
nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons.
This is similar to the Ayah later in this Surah:
مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَأ أَحَدٍ مّن رِّجَالِكُمۡ وَلَـكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىۡءٍ عَلِيماً
Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the last (end) of the Prophets. And Allah is Ever All-Aware of everything. (33:40)
And Allah says here:
ذَلِكُمۡ قَوۡلُكُم بِأَفۡوَاهِكُمۡ
That is but your saying with your mouths.
meaning, `your adoption of him is just words, and it does not mean that he is really your son,' for he was created from the loins of another man, and a child cannot have two fathers just as a man cannot have two hearts in one body.
وَاللَّهُ يَقُولُ الۡحَقَّ وَهُوَ يَهۡدِي السَّبِيلَ
But Allah says the truth, and He guides to the way.
Sa`id bin Jubayr said:
يَقُولُ الۡحَقَّ
(But Allah says the truth) means, justice.
Qatadah said:
وَهُوَ يَهۡدِي السَّبِيلَ
(and He guides to the way) means, the straight path.
Imam Ahmad said that Hasan told them that Zuhayr told them from Qabus, meaning Ibn Abi Zibyan, that his father told him:
I said to Ibn Abbas, `Do you know the Ayah,
مَّا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لِرَجُلٍ مِّن قَلۡبَيۡنِ فِي جَوۡفِهِ
(Allah has not made for any man two hearts inside his body). What does this mean?'
He said that the Messenger of Allah stood up one day to pray, and he trembled. The hypocrites who were praying with him said,
`Do you not see that he has two hearts, one heart with you and another with them.'
Then Allah revealed the words:
مَّا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لِرَجُلٍ مِّن قَلۡبَيۡنِ فِي جَوۡفِهِ
(Allah has not made for any man two hearts inside his body).
This was also narrated by At-Tirmidhi, who said, It is a Hasan Hadith.
It was also narrated by Ibn Jarir and Ibn Abi Hatim from the Hadith of Zuhayr.
An Adopted Child should be named after His Real Father
Allah commands;
ادۡعُوهُمۡ لاِبَايِهِمۡ هُوَ أَقۡسَطُ عِندَ اللَّهِ
Call them (adopted sons) by their fathers, that is more just with Allah.
This is a command which abrogates the state of affairs that existed at the beginning of Islam, when it was permitted to call adopted sons after the man who adopted them. Then Allah commanded that they should be given back the names of their real fathers, and states that this was more fair and just.
Al-Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on him) narrated that Abdullah bin Umar said:
Zayd bin Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him, the freed servant of the Messenger of Allah, was always called Zayd bin Muhammad, until (the words of the) Qur'an were revealed:
ادۡعُوهُمۡ لاِبَايِهِمۡ هُوَ أَقۡسَطُ عِندَ اللَّه
(Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just with Allah).
This was also narrated by Muslim, At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i.
They used to deal with them as sons in every respect, including being alone with them as Mahrams and so on. Hence Sahlah bint Suhayl, the wife of Abu Hudhayfah, may Allah be pleased with them both, said:O Messenger of Allah! We used to call Salim our son, but Allah has revealed what He has revealed. He used to enter upon me, but I feel that Abu Hudhayfah does not like that.
The Prophet said:
أَرۡضِعِيهِ تَحۡرُمِي عَلَيۡه
Breastfeed him and he will become your Mahram.
Hence when this ruling was abrogated, Allah made it permissible for a man to marry the ex-wife of his adopted son, and the Messenger of Allah married Zaynab bint Jahsh, the divorced wife of Zayd bin Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him,
Allah said:
لِكَىۡ لَا يَكُونَ عَلَى الۡمُوۡمِنِينَ حَرَجٌ فِى أَزۡوَاجِ أَدۡعِيَأيِهِمۡ إِذَا قَضَوۡاۡ مِنۡهُنَّ وَطَراً
So that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them. (33:37)
And Allah says in Ayat At-Tahrim:
وَحَلَـيِلُ أَبۡنَأيِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنۡ أَصۡلَـبِكُمۡ
The wives of your sons from your own loins. (4:23)
The wife of an adopted son is not included because he was not born from the man's loins.
A foster son through breastfeeding is the same as a son born from one's own loins, from the point of view of Shariah, because the Prophet said in the Two Sahihs:
حَرَّمُوا مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ مَا يُحَرَّمُ مِنَ النَّسَب
Suckling makes unlawful as lineage does.
As for calling a person son as an expression of honor and endearment, this is not what is forbidden in this Ayah, as is indicated by the report recorded by Imam Ahmad and the Sunan compilers -- apart from At-Tirmidhi -- from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:
We young boys of Banu Abd Al-Muttalib came to the Messenger of Allah at the Jamarat; he slapped us on the thigh and said,
أُبَيۡنِيَّ لَاأ تَرۡمُوا الۡجَمۡرَةَ حَتَّى تَطۡلُعَ الشَّمۡس
O my sons, do not stone the Jamarah until the sun has risen.
This was during the Farewell Pilgrimage in 10 AH.
ادۡعُوهُمۡ لاِبَايِهِمۡ
(Call them by their fathers). This is concerning Zayd bin Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him. He was killed in 8 AH at the battle of Mu'tah.
In Sahih Muslim it is reported that Anas bin Malik, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
The Messenger of Allah said:
يَابَنِي
O my son.
It was also reported by Abu Dawud and At-Tirmidhi.
فَإِن لَّمۡ تَعۡلَمُوا ابَاءهُمۡ فَإِخۡوَانُكُمۡ فِي الدِّينِ وَمَوَالِيكُمۡ
But if you know not their father's then they are your brothers in the religion and Mawalikum (your freed servants).
Here Allah commands that adopted sons should be given back their fathers' names, if they are known; if they are not known, then they should be called brothers in faith or freed servants, to compensate for not knowing what their real lineage is.
When the Messenger of Allah left Makkah after performing his Umrat Al-Qada', the daughter of Hamzah, may Allah be pleased with her, started following him, calling, O uncle, O uncle!
Ali took her and said to Fatima, may Allah be pleased with her, Take care of your uncle's daughter, so she picked her up.
Ali, Zayd and Jafar -- may Allah be pleased with them -- disputed over of which of them was going to take care of her, and each of them gave his reasons.
Ali said, I have more right, because she is the daughter of my paternal uncle.
Zayd said, She is the daughter of my brother.
Jafar bin Abi Talib said:She is the daughter of my paternal uncle and I am married to her maternal aunt -- meaning Asma' bint `Umays.
The Prophet ruled that she should stay with her maternal aunt, and said:
الۡخَالَةُ بِمَنۡزِلَةِ الاُۡم
The maternal aunt has the same status as the mother.
He said to Ali, may Allah be pleased with him,
أَنۡتَ مِنِّي وَأَنَا مِنۡك
You belong to me and I belong to you.
He said to Jafar, may Allah be pleased with him,
أَشۡبَهۡتَ خَلۡقِي وَخُلُقِي
You resemble me both in your looks and in your attitude.
And he said to Zayd, may Allah be pleased with him,
أَنۡتَ أَخُونَا وَمَوۡلَانَا
You are our brother and our freed servant.
This Hadith contains a number of rulings, the most important of which is that the Prophet ruled according to the truth, and that he sought to appease all the disputing parties. His saying to Zayd, may Allah be pleased with him,
أَنۡتَ أَخُونَا وَمَوۡلَانَا
(You are our brother and our freed servant), is as Allah says in this Ayah:
فَإِخۡوَانُكُمۡ فِي الدِّينِ وَمَوَالِيكُمۡ
(your brothers in faith and your freed servants).
Then Allah says:
وَلَيۡسَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ جُنَاحٌ فِيمَا أَخۡطَأۡتُم بِهِ
And there is no sin on you concerning that in which you made a mistake,
meaning, if you call one of them after someone who is not in fact his father, by mistake, after trying your best to find out his parentage, then Allah will not attach any sin to this mistake.
This is like the Ayah in which Allah commands His servants to say:
رَبَّنَا لَا تُوَاخِذۡنَأ إِن نَّسِينَأ أَوۡ أَخۡطَأۡنَا
Our Lord! Punish us not if we forget or fall into error. (2:286)
It was reported in Sahih Muslim that the Messenger of Allah said:
قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ قَدۡ فَعَلۡت
Allah says, Certainly I did (so).
In Sahih Al-Bukhari, it was recorded that Amr bin Al-`As, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
The Messenger of Allah said:
إِذَا اجۡتَهَدَ الۡحَاكِمُ فَأَصَابَ فَلَهُ أَجۡرَانِ
وَإِنِ اجۡتَهَدَ فَأَخۡطَأَ فَلَهُ أَجۡر
If the judge makes Ijtihad and reaches the right decision, he will have two rewards;
if he makes Ijtihad and reaches the wrong decision, he will have one reward.
In another Hadith:
إِنَّ اللهَ تَعَالى رَفَعَ عَنۡ أُمَّتِي الۡخَطَأَ وَالنِّسۡيَانَ وَمَا يُكۡرَهُونَ عَلَيۡه
Allah will forgive my Ummah for mistakes, forgetfulness and what they are forced to do.
And Allah says here:
وَلَيۡسَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ جُنَاحٌ فِيمَا أَخۡطَأۡتُم بِهِ وَلَكِن مَّا تَعَمَّدَتۡ قُلُوبُكُمۡ
وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا
And there is no sin on you concerning that in which you made a mistake, except in regard to what your hearts deliberately intend. And Allah is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
meaning, the sin is on the person who deliberately does something wrong, as Allah says elsewhere:
لااَّ يُوَاخِذُكُمُ اللَّهُ بِالَّلغۡوِ فِى أَيۡمَـنِكُمۡ
Allah will not call you to account for that which is unintentional in your oaths. (2:225)
Imam Ahmad narrated from Ibn Abbas that Umar said:
Allah sent Muhammad with the Truth and revealed to him the Book. One of the things that was revealed in it was the Ayah of stoning, so the Messenger of Allah stoned (adulterers) and we stoned (them) after he died.
Then he said,
We also used to recite, `Do not attribute yourselves to anyone other than your fathers, for this is disbelief, to attribute yourselves to anyone other than your fathers.'
The Messenger of Allah said:
لَاا تُطۡرُونِي كَمَا أُطۡرِيَ عِيسَى ابۡنُ مَرۡيَمَ عَلَيۡهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ فَإِنَّمَا أَنَا عَبۡدُاللهِ فَقُولُوا عَبۡدُهُ وَرَسُولُه
Do not exaggerate in praising me as `Isa bin Maryam was praised upon him be peace and blessings. I am just a servant of Allah. Say, He is His servant and Messenger.
Or Ma`mar may have said:
كَمَا أَطۡرَتِ النَّصَارَى ابۡنَ مَرۡيَم
As the Christians praised the son of Maryam.
This was also narrated in another Hadith:
ثَلَثٌ فِي النَّاسِ كُفۡرٌ
الطَّعۡنُ فِي النَّسَبِ
وَالنِّيَاحَةُ عَلَى الۡمَيِّتِ
وَالاۡاسۡتِسۡقَاءُ بِالنُّجُوم
Three things that people do are parts of disbelief:
slandering a person's lineage,
wailing over the dead and
seeking rain by the stars.
Loyalty to the Prophet ; and his wives are Mothers of the Believers
Allah tells us how His Messenger is merciful and sincere towards his Ummah, and how he is closer to them than they are to themselves. His judgement or ruling takes precedence over their own choices for themselves, as Allah says:
فَلَ وَرَبِّكَ لَا يُوۡمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيمَا شَجَرَ بَيۡنَهُمۡ ثُمَّ لَا يَجِدُواۡ فِى أَنفُسِهِمۡ حَرَجاً مِّمَّا قَضَيۡتَ وَيُسَلِّمُواۡ تَسۡلِيماً
But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith, until they make you judge in all disputes between them, and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept with full submission. (4:65)
In the Sahih it says:
وَالَّذِي نَفۡسِي بِيَدِهِ لَاا يُوۡمِنُ أَحَدُكُمۡ حَتَّى أَكُونَ أَحَبَّ إِلَيۡهِ مِنۡ نَفۡسِهِ وَمَالِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجۡمَعِين
By the One in Whose Hand is my soul, none of you truly believes until I am dearer to him than his own self, his wealth, his children and all the people.
It was also reported in the Sahih that Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, said:
O Messenger of Allah, by Allah, you are dearer to me than everything except myself.
He said,
لَاا يَا عُمَرُ حَتَّى أَكُونَ أَحَبَّ إِلَيۡكَ مِنۡ نَفۡسِك
No, O Umar, not until I am dearer to you than yourself.
Umar said:O Messenger of Allah, by Allah, now you are dearer to me than everything, even myself.
He said,
الاۡنَ يَاعُمَر
Now, O Umar (you have got it right).
Allah says in this Ayah:
النَّبِيُّ أَوۡلَى بِالۡمُوۡمِنِينَ مِنۡ أَنفُسِهِمۡ
The Prophet is closer to the believers than themselves,
Concerning this Ayah, Al-Bukhari narrated from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Prophet said:
مَا مِنۡ مُوۡمِنٍ إِلاَّ وَأَنَا أَوۡلَى النَّاسِ بِهِ فِي الدُّنۡيَا وَالاۡاخِرَةِ اقۡرَوُوا إِنۡ شِيۡتُمۡ
There is no believer except I am the closest of all people to him in this world and in the Hereafter. Recite, if you wish:
النَّبِيُّ أَوۡلَى بِالۡمُوۡمِنِينَ مِنۡ أَنفُسِهِمۡ
(The Prophet is closer to the believers than themselves).
فَأَيُّمَا مُوۡمِنٍ تَرَكَ مَالاًأ فَلۡيَرِثۡهُ عُصۡبَتُهُ مَنۡ كَانُوا وَإِنۡ تَرَكَ دَيۡنًا أَوۡ ضِيَاعًا فَلۡيَأۡتِنِي فَأَنَا مَوۡلَاأه
If any believer leaves behind any wealth, let his own relatives inherit it, but if he leaves behind any debt or orphans, bring them to me and I will take care of them.
This was recorded only by Al-Bukhari, and he also recorded it in the Book of Loans.
وَأَزۡوَاجُهُ أُمَّهَاتُهُمۡ
and his wives are their mothers.
means, they are unlawful for marriage.
In terms of honor, respect and veneration, it is not permissible for them to be alone with them, and the prohibition of marriage to them does not extend to their daughters and sisters, according to scholarly consensus.
وَأُوۡلُو الاۡأَرۡحَامِ بَعۡضُهُمۡ أَوۡلَى بِبَعۡضٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ مِنَ الۡمُوۡمِنِينَ وَالۡمُهَاجِرِينَ
And blood relations among each other have closer personal ties in the decree of Allah than the believers and the Muhajirin,
This is an abrogation of the rule that existed previously, whereby they could inherit from one another by virtue of the oath of brotherhood among them.
Ibn Abbas and others said:
A Muhajir would inherit from an Ansari even though they were not related by blood, because of the brotherhood established between them by the Messenger of Allah.
This was also stated by Sa`id bin Jubayr and others among scholars of the earlier and later generations.
إِلاَّ أَن تَفۡعَلُوا إِلَى أَوۡلِيَايِكُم مَّعۡرُوفًا
except that you do kindness to those brothers.
means, the idea of inheriting from one another has gone, but there remains the duty to offer support and kindness, to uphold ties of brotherhood and to offer good advice.
كَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي الۡكِتَابِ مَسۡطُورًا
This has been written in the Book.
This ruling, which is that those who are blood relatives have closer personal ties to one another, is a ruling which Allah has decreed and which is written in the First Book which cannot be altered or changed.
This is the view of Mujahid and others.
(This is the case) even though Allah legislated something different at certain times, and there is wisdom behind this, for He knew that this would be abrogated and the original ruling that was instituted an eternity ago would prevail, and this is His universal and legislative decree.
And Allah knows best.
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