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Ayah

Word by Word
وَلَوۡلَآ
And if not
أَن
[that]
تُصِيبَهُم
struck them
مُّصِيبَةُۢ
a disaster
بِمَا
for what
قَدَّمَتۡ
had sent forth
أَيۡدِيهِمۡ
their hands
فَيَقُولُواْ
and they would say
رَبَّنَا
Our Lord!
لَوۡلَآ
Why not
أَرۡسَلۡتَ
You sent
إِلَيۡنَا
to us
رَسُولٗا
a Messenger
فَنَتَّبِعَ
so we (could have) followed
ءَايَٰتِكَ
Your Verses
وَنَكُونَ
and we (would) have been
مِنَ
of
ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ
the believers
وَلَوۡلَآ
And if not
أَن
[that]
تُصِيبَهُم
struck them
مُّصِيبَةُۢ
a disaster
بِمَا
for what
قَدَّمَتۡ
had sent forth
أَيۡدِيهِمۡ
their hands
فَيَقُولُواْ
and they would say
رَبَّنَا
Our Lord!
لَوۡلَآ
Why not
أَرۡسَلۡتَ
You sent
إِلَيۡنَا
to us
رَسُولٗا
a Messenger
فَنَتَّبِعَ
so we (could have) followed
ءَايَٰتِكَ
Your Verses
وَنَكُونَ
and we (would) have been
مِنَ
of
ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ
the believers

Translation

And if not that a disaster should strike them for what their hands put forth [of sins] and they would say, "Our Lord, why did You not send us a messenger so we could have followed Your verses and been among the believers?"...1
Footnotes
1 - The conclusion of the sentence is understood to be "...We would not have sent messengers," meaning that Allāh (subḥānahu wa taʿālā) sent messengers and sent Muḥammad (ﷺ) with the final scripture to mankind so that no one could claim that punishment was imposed unjustly without warning.

Tafsir

Otherwise, if an affliction, a punishment, should befall them because of what their own hands have sent before them, in the way of disbelief and otherwise, they might say, 'Our Lord, why did You not send a messenger to us, that we might have followed Your signs, the ones sent with the messengers, and been of the believers?' (the response to [the conditional particle] lawlaa, 'if', has been omitted, and what follows it is a [new] subject; the meaning is: 'were it not for the affliction that is the cause of their saying', or, 'were it not for their saying that is the cause of their affliction, We would have hastened on for them their punishment and We would not have sent you as a messenger to them').

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