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Ayah
Word by Word
مَا
Not
تَسۡبِقُ
can precede
مِنۡ
any
أُمَّةٍ
nation
أَجَلَهَا
its term
وَمَا
and not
يَسۡتَـٔۡخِرُونَ
they (can) delay (it)
مَا
Not
تَسۡبِقُ
can precede
مِنۡ
any
أُمَّةٍ
nation
أَجَلَهَا
its term
وَمَا
and not
يَسۡتَـٔۡخِرُونَ
they (can) delay (it)
Translation
No people can hasten their term, nor can they delay (it).
Tafsir
No community can precede its term, by dying before it, nor be deferred, beyond it (the person [in the second verb yasta'khiroona, 'be deferred'] is masculine, having been feminine [in the first verb tasbiqu, 'precede'] because this [masculine plural] takes into account the [plural masculine] content [of the term 'community']).
Mention of Other Nations
Allah says:
ثُمَّ أَنشَأۡنَا مِن بَعۡدِهِمۡ قُرُونًا اخَرِينَ
Then, after them, We created other generations.
meaning, nations and peoples.
مَا تَسۡبِقُ مِنۡ أُمَّةٍ أَجَلَهَا وَمَا يَسۡتَأۡخِرُونَ
No nation can advance their term, nor can they delay it.
means, they are taken at the appropriate time, as decreed by Allah in His Book that is preserved with Him, before they were created, nation after nation, century after century, generation after generation, successors after predecessors.
ثُمَّ أَرۡسَلۡنَا رُسُلَنَا تَتۡرَا
Then We sent Our Messengers in succession.
Ibn Abbas said,
(This means) following one another in succession.
This is like the Ayah:
وَلَقَدۡ بَعَثۡنَا فِى كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولاً أَنِ اعۡبُدُواۡ اللَّهَ وَاجۡتَنِبُواۡ الۡطَّـغُوتَ فَمِنۡهُم مَّنۡ هَدَى اللَّهُ وَمِنۡهُمۡ مَّنۡ حَقَّتۡ عَلَيۡهِ الضَّلَـلَةُ
And verily, We have sent among every Ummah a Messenger (proclaiming):
Worship Allah, and avoid Taghut (all false deities).
Then of them were some whom Allah guided and of them were some upon whom the straying was justified. (16:36)
...
كُلَّ مَا جَاء أُمَّةً رَّسُولُهَا كَذَّبُوهُ
Every time there came to a nation their Messenger, they denied him;
meaning the greater majority of them.
This is like the Ayah:
يحَسۡرَةً عَلَى الۡعِبَادِ مَا يَأۡتِيهِمۡ مِّن رَّسُولٍ إِلاَّ كَانُواۡ بِهِ يَسۡتَهۡزِءُونَ
Alas for mankind! There never came a Messenger to them but they used to mock at him. (36:30)
...
فَأَتۡبَعۡنَا بَعۡضَهُم بَعۡضًا
so We made them follow one another,
means, `We destroyed them,' as Allah says:
وَكَمۡ أَهۡلَكۡنَا مِنَ الۡقُرُونِ مِن بَعۡدِ نُوحٍ
And how many generations have We destroyed after Nuh! (17:17)
...
وَجَعَلۡنَاهُمۡ أَحَادِيثَ
and We made them as Ahadith,
meaning, stories and lessons for mankind, as Allah says elsewhere:
فَجَعَلۡنَـهُمۡ أَحَادِيثَ وَمَزَّقۡنَـهُمۡ كُلَّ مُمَزَّقٍ
so, We made them as tales (in the land), and We dispersed them all totally. (34:19)
...
فَبُعۡدًا لِّقَوۡمٍ لاَّ يُوۡمِنُونَ
So, away with a people who believe not!
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