An-Nisa': 33

Ayah

Word by Word

وَلِكُلّٖ

And for all

جَعَلۡنَا

We (have) made

مَوَٰلِيَ

heirs

مِمَّا

of what

تَرَكَ

(is) left

ٱلۡوَٰلِدَانِ

(by) the parents

وَٱلۡأَقۡرَبُونَۚ

and the relatives

وَٱلَّذِينَ

And those whom

عَقَدَتۡ

pledged

أَيۡمَٰنُكُمۡ

your right hands

فَـَٔاتُوهُمۡ

then give them

نَصِيبَهُمۡۚ

their share

إِنَّ

Indeed

ٱللَّهَ

Allah

كَانَ

عَلَىٰ

over

كُلِّ

every

شَيۡءٖ

thing

شَهِيدًا

a Witness

Translation

To (benefit) every one, We have appointed shares and heirs to property left by parents and relatives. To those, also, to whom your right hand was pledged, give their due portion. For truly Allah is witness to all things.

Tafsir

"Do Not Wish for the Things Which Allah has Made Some Others to Excel In

Allah says;

وَلَا تَتَمَنَّوۡاۡ مَا فَضَّلَ اللّهُ بِهِ بَعۡضَكُمۡ عَلَى بَعۡضٍ

And wish not for the things in which Allah has made some of you to excel others.

Imam Ahmad recorded that Umm Salamah said,

""O Messenger of Allah! Men go to battle, but we do not go to battle, and we earn one-half of the inheritance (that men get).""

Allah sent down,

وَلَا تَتَمَنَّوۡاۡ مَا فَضَّلَ اللّهُ بِهِ بَعۡضَكُمۡ عَلَى بَعۡضٍ

(And wish not for the things in which Allah has made some of you to excel others).

At-Tirmidhi also recorded this Hadith.

Allah's statement,

لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٌ مِّمَّا اكۡتَسَبُواۡ وَلِلنِّسَاء نَصِيبٌ مِّمَّا اكۡتَسَبۡنَ

For men there is reward for what they have earned, (and likewise) for women there is reward for what they have earned,

indicates, according to Ibn Jarir, that each person will earn his wages for his works, a reward if his deeds are good, and punishment if his deeds are evil.

Al-Walibi reported from Ibn Abbas,

this Ayah is talking about inheritance, indicating the fact that each person will get his due share of the inheritance.

Allah then directed the servants to what benefits them,

وَاسۡأَلُواۡ اللّهَ مِن فَضۡلِهِ

and ask Allah of His Bounty.

Therefore, the Ayah states, ""Do not wish for what other people were endowed with over you, for this is a decision that will come to pass, and wishing does not change its decree. However, ask Me of My favor and I will grant it to you, for I Am Most Generous and Most Giving.""

Allah then said,

إِنَّ اللّهَ كَانَ بِكُلِّ شَيۡءٍ عَلِيمًا

Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knower of everything.

meaning, Allah knows who deserves this life, and so He gives him riches, and whoever deserves poverty, He makes him poor. He also knows who deserves the Hereafter, and He directs him to perform the deeds that will help him to be successful in it, and whoever deserves failure, He prevents him from achieving righteousness and what leads to it. Hence, Allah said,

إِنَّ اللّهَ كَانَ بِكُلِّ شَيۡءٍ عَلِيمًا

Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knower of everything.

Allah says;

وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلۡنَا مَوَالِيَ

And to everyone, We have appointed Mawali, of that left by parents and relatives.

Ibn Abbas, Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Abu Salih, Qatadah, Zayd bin Aslam, As-Suddi, Ad-Dahhak, Muqatil bin Hayyan, and others said;

Mawali means, ""Heirs.""

Ibn Abbas was also reported to have said that;

Mawali refers to relatives.

Ibn Jarir commented,

""The Arabs call the cousin a Mawla.""

Ibn Jarir continued, ""Allah's statement,

مِمَّا تَرَكَ الۡوَالِدَانِ وَالَاقۡرَبُونَ

of that (property) left by parents and relatives.

means, from what he inherited from his parents and family members.

Therefore, the meaning of the Ayah becomes:`To all of you, O people, We appointed relatives (such as children) who will later inherit what you inherited from your own parents and relatives.""

Allah's statement,

وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتۡ أَيۡمَانُكُمۡ فَأتُوهُمۡ نَصِيبَهُمۡ

To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood), give them their due portion.

means, ""Those with whom you have a pledge of brotherhood, give them their share of inheritance, thus fulfilling the ratified pledges that you gave them. Allah has witnessed all of you when you gave these pledges and promises.""

إِنَّ اللّهَ كَانَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيۡءٍ شَهِيدًا

Truly, Allah is Ever a Witness over all things.

This practice was followed in the beginning of Islam, but was later on abrogated when Muslims were commanded to fulfill the pledges (brotherhood) they had already given, but to refrain from making any new pledges after that.

Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn Abbas said,

وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلۡنَا مَوَالِيَ

(And to everyone, We have appointed Mawali),

""meaning, heirs;

وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتۡ أَيۡمَانُكُمۡ

(To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood). When the emigrants came to Al-Madinah, the emigrant would inherit from the Ansar, while the latter's relatives would not inherit from him because of the bond of brotherhood which the Prophet established between them (the emigrants and the Ansar). When the verse,

وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلۡنَا مَوَالِيَ

(And to everyone We have appointed Mawali) was revealed, it cancelled (the pledge of brotherhood regarding inheritance).""

Then he said,

""The verse,

وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتۡ أَيۡمَانُكُمۡ فَأتُوهُمۡ نَصِيبَهُمۡ

(To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood), give them their due portion) remained valid for cases of co-operation and mutual advice, while the matter of inheritance was excluded and it became permissible to assign something in one's will to the person who had the right of inheriting before."

An-Nisa': 33

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