An-Nisa': 31

Ayah

Word by Word

إِن

تَجۡتَنِبُواْ

you avoid

كَبَآئِرَ

great (sins)

مَا

(of) what

تُنۡهَوۡنَ

you are forbidden

عَنۡهُ

from [it]

نُكَفِّرۡ

We will remove

عَنكُمۡ

from you

سَيِّـَٔاتِكُمۡ

your evil deeds

وَنُدۡخِلۡكُم

and We will admit you

مُّدۡخَلٗا

(to) an entrance

كَرِيمٗا

a noble

Translation

If ye (but) eschew the most heinous of the things which ye are forbidden to do, We shall expel out of you all the evil in you, and admit you to a gate of great honour.

Tafsir

"Prohibiting Unlawfully Earned Money

Allah says;

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ امَنُواۡ لَا تَأۡكُلُواۡ أَمۡوَالَكُمۡ بَيۡنَكُمۡ بِالۡبَاطِلِ إِلاَّ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً عَن تَرَاضٍ مِّنكُمۡ

O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent.

Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored, prohibits His believing servants from illegally acquiring each other's property using various dishonest methods such as Riba, gambling and other wicked methods that appear to be legal, but Allah knows that, in reality, those involved seek to deal in interest.

Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn Abbas commented on a man who buys a garment, saying that;

""if he likes it he will keep it, or he will return it along with an extra Dirham.""

This is what Allah meant, when He said,

لَا تَأۡكُلُواۡ أَمۡوَالَكُمۡ بَيۡنَكُمۡ بِالۡبَاطِلِ

Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly.

Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn Abbas said,

""When Allah sent down,

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ امَنُواۡ لَا تَأۡكُلُواۡ أَمۡوَالَكُمۡ بَيۡنَكُمۡ بِالۡبَاطِلِ

(O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly) some Muslims said, `Allah has forbidden us from eating up each other's property unjustly, and food is our best property. Therefore, none among us is allowed to eat from anyone else's food.'

After that Allah sent down,

لَيۡسَ عَلَى الاَۡعۡمَى حَرَجٌ

(There is no restriction on the blind) until the end of the Ayah. (24:61)""'

Qatadah said similarly.

Allah's statement,

إِلاَّ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً عَن تَرَاضٍ مِّنكُمۡ

except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent.

means, do not revert to illegal ways and means to acquire money. However, there is no harm in commercial transactions that transpire between the buyer and the seller with mutual consent, so that money is legally earned from these transactions.

Mujahid commented on the Ayah,

""By selling and buying, or giving someone a gift.""

Ibn Jarir recorded this statement.

The Option to Buy or Sell Before Parting, is Part of `Mutual Consent' in Trading

Mutual agreement in various transactions is attained when both parties have the right to uphold or dissolve the agreement before they part.

In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that the Messenger of Allah said,

الۡبَيِّعَانِ بِالۡخِيَارِ مَالَمۡ يَتَفَرَّقَا

The seller and the buyer retain the (right to change their mind) as long as they have not parted.

Al-Bukhari's wording for this Hadith reads,

إِذَا تَبَايَعَ الرَّجُلنِ فَكُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنۡهُمَا بِالۡخِيَارِ مَالَمۡ يَتَفَرَّقَا

When two men conduct a transaction, they retain their (right to change their mind) as long as they have not parted.

Forbidding Murder and Suicide

Allah said,

وَلَا تَقۡتُلُواۡ أَنفُسَكُمۡ

And do not kill yourselves.

by committing Allah's prohibitions, falling into sin and eating up each other's property unjustly,

إِنَّ اللّهَ كَانَ بِكُمۡ رَحِيمًا

Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you.

in what He commanded you and prohibited you from.

Imam Ahmad recorded that `Amr bin Al-`As said that;

when the Prophet sent him for the battle of Dhat As-Salasil, ""I had a wet dream during a very cold night and feared that if I bathed, I would die. So I performed Tayammum (with pure earth) and led my company in the Dawn prayer. When I went back to the Messenger of Allah, I mentioned what had happened to me and he said,

يَا عَمۡرُو صَلَّيۡتَ بِأَصۡحَابِكَ وَأَنۡتَ جُنُب

O `Amr! Have you led your people in prayer while you were in a state of sexual impurity?

I said, 'O Messenger of Allah! I had a wet dream on a very cold night and feared that if I bathed I would perish, and I remembered Allah's statement,

وَلَا تَقۡتُلُواۡ أَنفُسَكُمۡ إِنَّ اللّهَ كَانَ بِكُمۡ رَحِيمًا

(And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you). So I performed Tayammum and prayed.' The Messenger of Allah smiled and did not say anything.""

This is the narration reported by Abu Dawud.

Ibn Marduwyah mentioned this honorable Ayah and then reported that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah said,

مَنۡ قَتَلَ نَفۡسَهُ بَحَدِيدَةٍ فَحَدِيدَتُهُ فِي يَدِهِ يَجَأُ بِهَا بطۡنَهُ يَوۡمَ الۡقِيَامَةِ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ خَالِدًا مُخَلَّدًا فِيهَا أَبَدًا

Whoever kills himself with an iron tool, then his tool will be in his hand and he will keep stabbing himself with it in the Fire of Jahannam, forever and ever.

ومَنۡ قَتَلَ نَفۡسَهُ بِسُمَ فَسُمُّهُ فِي يَدِهِ يَتَحَسَّاهُ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ خَالِدًا مُخَلَّدًا فِيهَا أَبَدًا

Whoever kills himself with poison, then his poison will be in his hand and he will keep taking it in the Fire of Jahannam forever and ever.

وَمَنۡ تَرَدَّى مِنۡ جَبَلٍ فَقَتلَ نَفۡسَهُ فَهُوَ مُتَرَدَ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ خَالِدًا مُخَلَّدًا فِيهَا أَبَدًا

Whoever kills himself by throwing himself from a mountain, will keep falling in the Fire of Jahannam forever and ever.

This Hadith was also collected in the Two Sahihs.

Abu Qilabah said that Thabit bin Ad-Dahhak said that the Messenger of Allah said,

مَنۡ قَتَلَ نَفۡسَهُ بِشَيۡءٍ عُذِّبَ بِهِ يَوۡمَ الۡقِيَامَة

Whoever kills himself with an instrument, will be punished with it on the Day of Resurrection.

This Hadith was collected by the Group.

This is why Allah said

وَمَن يَفۡعَلۡ ذَلِكَ عُدۡوَانًا وَظُلۡمًا

And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice,

meaning, whoever commits what Allah has forbidden for him transgression and injustice - while knowing that it is forbidden for him, yet he still dares to commit it,

فَسَوۡفَ نُصۡلِيهِ نَارًا

We shall cast him into the Fire,

This Ayah carries a stern warning and a truthful promise. Therefore, every sane person should beware of it, those who hear the speech with full comprehension.

وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى اللّهِ يَسِيرًا

and that is easy for Allah.

Minor Sins Will be Pardoned if One Refrains from Major Sins

Allah said

إِن تَجۡتَنِبُواۡ كَبَأيِرَ مَا تُنۡهَوۡنَ عَنۡهُ نُكَفِّرۡ عَنكُمۡ سَيِّيَاتِكُمۡ

If you avoid the great sins which you are forbidden to do, We shall remit from you your (small) sins),

meaning, if you avoid the major evil deeds that you were prohibited We will forgive you the minor evil deeds and will admit you into Paradise.

This is why Allah said,

وَنُدۡخِلۡكُم مُّدۡخَلً كَرِيمًا

and admit you to a Noble Entrance (i.e. Paradise).

There are several Hadiths on the subject of this honorable Ayah.

Imam Ahmad recorded that Salman Al-Farisi said,

""The Prophet said to me, `Do you know what the day of Al-Jumu`ah is?'

I said, `It is the day during which Allah brought together the creation of your father (Adam).'

He said,

لكِنۡ أَدۡرِي مَا يَوۡمُ الۡجُمُعَةِ لَا يَتَطَهَّرُ الرَّجُلُ فَيُحۡسِنُ طُهُورَهُ ثُمَّ يَأۡتِي الۡجُمُعَةَ فَيُنۡصِتُ حَتَّى يَقۡضِيَ الاۡمَامُ صَلَتَهُ إِلاَّ كَانَ كَفَّارَةً لَهُ مَا بَيۡنَهُ وَبَيۡنَ الۡجُمُعَةِ الۡمُقۡبِلَةِ مَا اجۡتُنِبَتِ الۡمَقۡتَلَة

I know what the day of Jumu`ah is. Anyone who takes a bath and cleans himself as much as he can and then proceeds for the Friday prayer and remains quiet until the Imam finishes the prayer, all his sins in between the present and the next Friday will be forgiven, as long as major sins were avoided.""

Al-Bukhari recorded similar wording from Salman Al-Farisi.

The Seven Destructive Sins

In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah said,

اجۡتَنِبُوا السَّبۡعَ الۡمُوبِقَات

Avoid the seven great destructive sins.

The people inquired, 'O Allah's Messenger! What are they?'

He said,

الشِّرۡكُ بِاللهِ

وَقَتۡلُ النَّفۡسِ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللهُ إِلاَّ بِالۡحَقِّ

وَالسِّحۡرُ

وَأَكۡلُ الرِّبَا

وَأَكۡلُ مَالِ الۡيَتِيمِ

وَالتَّوَلِّي يَوۡمَ الزَّحۡفِ

وَقَذۡفُ الۡمُحۡصَنَاتِ الۡمُوۡمِنَاتِ الۡغَافِلَت

To join others in worship along with Allah,

to kill the life which Allah has forbidden except for a just cause,

magic,

to consume Riba,

to consume an orphan's wealth,

to turn away from the enemy and flee from the battlefield when the battle begins, and

to accuse chaste women, who never even think of anything that would tarnish their chastity and are good believers.

Another Hadith that mentions False Witness

Imam Ahmad recorded that Anas bin Malik said,

""The Messenger of Allah mentioned the major sins, or was asked about the major sins. He said,

الشِّرۡكُ بِاللهِ وَقَتۡلُ النَّفۡسِ وَعُقُوقُ الۡوَالِدَيۡن

Associating others with Allah in worship, killing the life, and being undutiful to the parents.

He then said,

أَلَا أُنَبِّيُكُمۡ بِأَكۡبَرِ الۡكَبَايِرِ

Should I tell you about the biggest of the major sins?

قَوۡلُ الزُّورِ أَوۡ شَهَادَةُ الزُّورِ

The false statement - or the false testimony.""

Shu`bah - one of the narrators of the Hadith - said,

""Most likely, in my opinion, he said, `False testimony.""'

The Two Sahihs recorded this Hadith from Shu`bah from Anas.

Another Hadith In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Abdur-Rahman bin Abi Bakrah said that his father said,

""The Prophet said,

أَلَا أُنَبِّيُكُمۡ بِأَكۡبَرِ الۡكَبَايِرِ

Should I inform you about the greatest of the great sins?

We said, `Yes, O Allah's Messenger!'

He said,

الاِشۡرَاكُ بِاللهِ وَعُقُوقُ الۡوَالِدَيۡن

To join others in worship with Allah and to be undutiful to one's parents.

He was reclining, then he sat up and said;

أَلَا وَشَهَادَةُ الزُّورِ أَلَا وَقَوۡلُ الزُّور

And I warn you against false testimony and false speech.

and he continued repeating it until we wished that he would stop.""

Another Hadith that mentions killing the Offspring

In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Abdullah bin Mas`ud said,

""I asked, `O Allah's Messenger! What is the greatest sin?' (in one narration the biggest sin).'

He said,

أَنۡ تَجۡعَلَ للهِ نِدًّا وَهُوَ خَلَقَك

To make a rival for Allah while He Alone created you.

I said, `Then.'

He said,

أَنۡ تَقۡتُلَ وَلَدَكَ خَشۡيَةَ أَنۡ يَطۡعَمَ مَعَك

To kill your offspring for fear that he might share your food with you.

I said, `Then.'

He said,

أَنۡ تُزَانِيَ حَلِيلَةَ جَارِك

To commit adultery with your neighbor's wife.

He then recited,

وَالَّذِينَ لَاا يَدۡعُونَ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَهًا اخَرَ

(And those who invoke not any other god along with Allah), until,

إِلاَّ مَن تَابَ

(Except those who repent)."" (25:68-70)

Another Hadith from Abdullah bin `Amr Imam Ahmad recorded that Abdullah bin `Amr said that the Prophet said,

أَكۡبَرُ الۡكَبَايِرِ

الاِشۡرَاكُ بِاللهِ

وَعُقُوقُ الۡوَالِدَيۡنِ أَوۡ قَتۡلُ النَّفۡسِ شعبة الشاك

وَالۡيَمِينُ الۡغَمُوس

The greatest sins are:

To join others in worship with Allah,

to be undutiful to one's parents -

or to take a life.

Shu`bah was uncertain of which one - (and the false oath).

Recorded by Al-Bukhari, At-Tirmidhi, and An-Nasai.

Another Hadith by Abdullah bin `Amr about Causing one's Parents to be Cursed

Abdullah bin `Amr said that the Messenger of Allah said,

إِنَّ مِنۡ أَكۡبَرِ الۡكَبَايِرِ أَنۡ يَلۡعَنَ الرَّجُلُ وَالِدَيۡه

Among the worst of the major sins is for a man to curse his own parents.

They said, ""How can one curse his own parents?""

He said,

يَسُبُّ الرَّجُلُ أَبَا الرَّجُلِ فَيَسُبُّ أَبَاهُ وَيَسُبُّ أُمَّهُ فَيَسُبُّ أُمَّه

One curses another man's father, and that man curses his father in retaliation, or he curses someone's mother and that man curses his mother.

This is the wording of Muslim.

At-Tirmidhi said, ""Sahih.""

It is recorded in the Sahih that the Messenger of Allah said,

سِبَابُ الۡمُسۡلِمِ فُسُوقٌ وَقِتَالُهُ كُفۡر

Cursing a Muslim is a sin and fighting him is Kufr."

An-Nisa': 31

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